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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The liver reviews venous blood directly from:
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1. spleen
2. pancreas 3. intestine |
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What is Glisson's Capsule?
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A simple squamous epithelium covering the dense, irregular connective tissue of the liver. It is loosely attached except at the porta hepatis
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The bulk of the liver is composed of uniform:
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Parenchymal cells (i.e. the hepatocytes)
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From which arteries does the liver receive oxygenated blood? What percentage of the total volume of blood is this?
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From the left hepatic and right hepatic artery. (25%)
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From which vessel does the liver receive nutrient-rich blood?
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Portal vein
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From which aspect of the liver does the blood exit - what is the name of this vessel?
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The hepatic veins on the posterior aspect
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From which vessel does the gall bladder leave the liver?
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Via the porta hepatis by way of the right and left hepatic ducts
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There are many endocrine secretions from hepatocytes - including albumin fibronectin transferrin, prothrombin, lipoproteins - but what is the main exocrine function of the liver - what does it make?
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Bile
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What are the four functional groups of the liver?
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Connective Tissue, Large Vessels, Sinusoidal Capillaries, Hepatocytes
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The hepatocytes and sinusoids are surround by what?
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Reticular fibers composed of collagen, typeIII
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The reticular network gives support to:
They are essential for this vascular characteristic: |
hepatic parenchyma. To keep the the vascularature open and blood flowing around parenchyma
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What are the five major vessel systems in the liver?
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1. Hepatic artery
2. Hepatic portal vein 3. Central veins 4. Bile ducts 5. Lymphatic vessels |
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What is the Portal Triad?
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1. Branches of hepatic artery
2. Hepatic portal vein 3. Bild duct *Lymphatic vessels are also associated |
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What is the main purpose of the sinusoids?
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To freely allow the exchange of substance between the blood and hepatocytes.
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Sinusoids are made of two cell types:
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1. Endothelial Cels
2. Sinusoidal Macrophages (Kupffer cells - possible involved in break down of RBCs) |
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What is the key feature of the endothelium lining the sinusoids? What does this allow?
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Very fenestrated. Allows for easy transfer of substrates to hepatocytes and endocrine secretions.
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Where does the exchange of substances between blood and hepatocytes take place?
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In the perisinusoidal Space of Disse
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What are the cells commonly found in the perisinusoidal space (aka Space of Disse) that contain large lipid droplets and a major site of vitamine A storage?
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Stellate Cells
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What is a functional unit of the liver?
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Lobule
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What is the structure of the classic lobule?
1. Shape 2. Associated vessels |
1. Hexagonal
2. Single central vein at core and portal triad at each of its six corners. |
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In the lobule, oxygenated nutrient/toxin rich blood perfuses from the ? to the ?
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From terminal vessel to the central vein.
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What is the liver acinus?
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It is correlated with blood perfusion, metabolic activity and liver pathology.
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What does the hepatocyte cell face?
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Two faces the peri-sinusoidal space and for faces face other hepatocytes and the bile canaliculi.
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Describe the nucleus of hepatocytes?
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They are bincucleated and tetraploid (contain 4n DNA)
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What is Hepatic Cirrhosis and what two things can cause it?
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Necrosis caused by viral or alcoholism.
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What are the three responses to hepatic necrosis?
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1. Collapse of hepatic lobule organization
2. Nodular regroth of hepatocytes 3. Formation of diffuse and extensive fibrous septa (fibrosis) |
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Liver fibrosis results from an increase in activity of this cell:
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Stellate cells around necrotic hepatic cells.
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When stellate cells respond to necrosis of hepatic cells, how do they respond? What does this result in?
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They respond by increasing the deposition of collagen type I and III which destry the architecutre of the liver and prevent normal hepatic blood flow. Results in hepato-cellular failure and portal hypertension.
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What liver cells resemble stem cells? They are bipotential - what does this mean?
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Oval cells. They can differentiate to form both biliary epithelial cells and hepatocytes.
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Bile consists of: (5 points)
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1. Water and electrolytes
2. Cholesterol and phospholipids 3. Bile salts/acids 4. Bile pigments 5. Bilirubin |
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What deteoxifies bilirubin?
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Bile pigments
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What causes jaundice color?
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Bilirubin
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Is bile secretion an energy dependent processes?
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Probably - the bile canaliculi contain ATPases
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The bile canaliculi join together to form small terminal ductules called:
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Canals of Herring
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What are bile ducts made of? Describe their morphology
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Biliary epithelial cells. They are cuboidal epithelium that forms a ductule.
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In what direction does bile flow with respect to blood the central vein and portal triad?
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Opposite direction - away from the central vein toward the portal triad.
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Upstream of the common bile duct are these two ducts:
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Cystic (gallbladder) and hepatic (liver)
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Which has more concentrated bile coming through it: Hepatic or Cystic?
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Cystic
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What causes the gallbladder to contract?
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Lipid in the duodenum induces secretion of CCK.
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The mucosa of gallbladder is composed of this type of cell:
What do they resemble? What are they primarily responsible for doing? |
Simple columnar epithelium that closely resemble absorptive cells of intestine. They concentrate bile by absorbing wather.
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What is Cholelithiasis?
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Gallstones
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What are gallstones made of?
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Concentrated cholesterol (85%) or bilirubin (which nucleates to form a stone)
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