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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the cellular morphology of the mucosal epithelium of the esophagus:
What antigen-presenting cells are on it? |
Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.
With antigen-presenting Langerhans cells. |
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Describe the lamina propria of the esophagus:
1. think/thin? 2. special aggregate found there 3. glands? |
1. Thin
2. Contain lymphoid aggregates 3. Has two clusters of superficial mucosal glands - located at oropharynx and near stomach that secrete mucous for lubrication |
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The submucosa of the esophagus contains what type of glands?
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Submucosal seromucous glands:
Mucosal part for mucus Seromucus for digestive enzymes pepsinogen and lysozyme |
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The type of muscle in the proximal 1/3? Middle 1/3? Distal 1/3?
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Skeletal. Mixed. Smooth.
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There is a sharp change in cell type at the Gastroesophageal Junction. From what to what?
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Stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium.
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Describe the contents of gastric juice:
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Hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes, pepsin, rennin, gastric lipase
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What are the four anatomic regions of the stomach?
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1. Cardia
2. Fundus 3. Body (corpus) 4. Pyloris |
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The cardiac glands (i.e. in the cardia region of the stomach) primarily secrete what?
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Mucus.
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The fundus and body are characterized by glands that secrete: What are these glands shaped like?
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Digestive juices as well as protective mucus. These glands are straight tubular.
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The gland of the pylorus secrete:
What are these glands shaped like? |
mucous. These glands are branched and coiled.
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Describe the epithelium of the stomach
1. Cell morph 2. Its regular features 3. Number of Cell types |
1. Simple columnar
2. Arranged as gastric pits that lead to glands 3. 6 cell types |
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What type of cells secrete hitamine and where are they found in the stomach?
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Found in the lamina propria, Enterochromaffin-like cells secrete it.
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If the vagus n stimulates the enterochromaffin cells, what happens?
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They secrete histamine that acts on parietal cells to increase acid secretion.
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What does the muscluaris mucosa divide and what role does it play?
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It divides the mucosal and submucosal tunics; it influences outward flow of gastric glands.
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The tri-layered Musclaris Externa is regulated by:
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Autonomic nerve plexus (Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus)
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What are the six epithelial cell types making up the gastric pits and glands?
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1. Surface mucous cells
2. Parietal 3. Neck mucous 4. Stem cells 5. Peptic cells 6. Neuroendocrine cells. |
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Where are neck mucous cells found? Which cell type are they found between?
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Found in the neck of a gastric gland. They are found between parietal cells.
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How do the granules differ between surface and neck mucous cells?
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Surface = more dense mucous and contains more electron dense granules (see p168 - neck are lighter)
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What are the most abundant cells in the isthmus region of the gastric glands?
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Parietal
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Where is the nucleus located in parietal cells? Is the cytoplasm eosinophilic or basophilic?
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Central nucleus - eosinophilic cytoplasm.
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In addition to HCl, what does the Parietal Cells secrete and what is it needed for?
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Secretes Gastric Intrinsic Factor - needed for Vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum.
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Where are chief cells found?
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They are found at the bottom of gastric glands
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Chief cell's morphology is:
1. shape 2. nuclei location 3. Granule location 4. Cytoplasm color |
1. Cells are columnar
2. Nuclei are near basal surface 3. Granules are located apically 4. Cytoplasm is basophilic |
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What is the granular secretion of chief cells controlled by? (2 things)
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Secretin and vagus stimulation
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What do Enteroendocrine cells secrete? Where do they secrete it and what does it influence?
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Secrete into lamina propria to influence the activity of nearby (paracrine) or distant (endocrine) cells.
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What hormones does enteroendocrine cells secrete?
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1. Gastrin (G cells)
2. Serotonin (EC cells) 3. Enteroglucagon (A cells) 4. Somatostant (D cells) 5. Histamine (ECL cells) |
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Where are stem cells commonly found? How frequently is the gastric epithelium over-terned?
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In the neck region. Once every three days
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What are the three phases to the stomach's response to food?
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1. Cephalic
2. Gastric 3. Intestinal |
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In the cephalic phase, the parasympathetic signal is transmitted through which nervous system via which nerve?
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Enteric via vagus n.
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In the cephalic phase, the parasymphatc stimulation results in which NT release? What does this stimulate? What three factors together stimulate parietal cells to secrete limited amount of acid?
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1. Acetylcholine.
2. Stimulate gastrin secretion by G cells 3. Gastrin, acetylcholine, histamine together stimulate parietal cells |
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What happens in the gastric phase?
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Distention induces an increase in endocrine activity of the G cells. This results in gastric enzyme release and the onset of powerful smooth muscle contractions in the stomach.
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What happens in the intestinal phase?
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Chyme entering the duodenum slows down gastric emptying. Distention of the intestine induces gastric-inhibitory impulses in the enteric nervous system known as the enterogastric reflex.
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What's it called when part of the stomach pushes upward through the diaphragm?
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Hiatal hernia
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How long must an individual have reflux before it can be considered GERD?
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More than two weeks
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What are the symptoms of GERD?
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1. Persisten and frequent heart bearn
2. Dry cough 3. Asthma symptoms 4. Trouble swallowing |
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What is it called when esophageal cells transition from stratified squamous to simple columnar?
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Its the metaplastic transformation of Barrett's esophagus
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What is the majority of peptic ulcers cased by? What percentage of people world wide have infection? US children?What are the other cases caused by?
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H. phylori. Worldwide = 50%; US Children = 25%. Other cause = NSAIDs.
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