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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The upper and lower respiratory tract boarders:
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The pharynx and larynx
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Bc the conducting passages communcate with the external envrionment, they are lined with:
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Mucosa that contains lymphatic tissue and other defense related cells
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The nasal vestibule is lined with what cell type?
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Stratified squamous keritinized epthelium containing stiff hairs called Vibrissae
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The Nasal Cavity is lined by: (what is its cellular morphology?
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Nasal mucosa that is covered by Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithlelium - containing goblet cells
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What is Respiratory Epithelium?
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Basic epithelial configuration that is found in most of the conducting passages: Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium containing Goblet Cells
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The apical surface of Respiratory Epithelium is covered with:
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A Bilayer of mucus and serous fluid
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Of the two layers - mucus and serous - what moves and is swallowed or exporiated?
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Mucus
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Describe the olfactory Epithelium:
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1. Pseudostratified columnsar
2. Olfactory cells 3. Olf cells are bipolar neurons with axons @ base |
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What type of neurons are olfactory cells?
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They are bipolar neurons with axons at their base and knoblike olfactory vesicle at the apex containing primary cilia
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For olfactory mucosa, what is found in the lamina prorpia?
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Axon bundles and serous glands (Bowman)
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What does the Bowman serous glands produce?
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Produce fluid containing Odorant Binding Protein.
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How is an odor stimulus triggered?
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Odorant Binding Protein binds to odorant and together they bind to Odorant Receptors on the cilia of olfactory cells. This triggers an action potential.
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The Nasopharynx is lined (of course) with this type of tissue but has this additional tissue component?
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Respiratory epi (pseudostratified columnar ciliated epi) with Lymphatic tissues throughout the lamina propria - ultimately accumulates as the Pharyyngeal Tonsil
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What tyep of tissues is at the junction of the naso- and oropharynx? Why probably?
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Stratified Squamous nonkeratinized. It needs a strong tissue to attach to underlying muscle for swallowing, etc.
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For the most part, the larynx is lined by what type of tissues? The exceptions include the epiglotis and the vocal cords that are covered with?
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Respiratory! Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epi.
Epiglottis and vocal cords are covered with stratified squamous non-keratinized epi |
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What is Reinke's Space?
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It is the superficial layer of the voacl fold lamina propria that is poorly vascularized, lacks lymphatic vessels an has few elastic fibers.
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Inside the vocal fold is found:
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Vocal ligament and vocalis muslce
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Mast cells usually reside where in the trachea?
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In the lamina propria
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The trachea is surround by a wall consisting of four layers:
What covers the epithelium? |
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa 3. Cartilage 4. Adventitia Respiratory Epithelium (pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium) |
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What bridges the C-shaped hyaline cartilages of the trachea?
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Smooth muscle and fibroelastic tissue
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The wall of the bronchi are very similar to Trachea except it has an additional layer - what are all 5 layers (thinking about this makes sense in terms of what the new layer is)
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1. Mucosa
2. Muscularis 3. Submucosa 4. Cartilage 5. Adventitia |
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What is the bronchial mucosa covered with?
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Respiratory epithelium that becomes lower in more distal passages.
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What is lacking in bronchioles compared to bronchi?
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They cartilage plates and seromucus glands
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What is the epithelium covering the mucosa of bronchioles like?
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It ranges from ciliated simple columnar to simple cuboidal
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What are clara cells?
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They are columnar cells witha dome-shaped apex and short microvili that are characteristic of bronchiolar epithelium
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What is the role of clara cells?
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They secrete Clara Cell Protein that protects the bronchiolar epithelium via antinflammatory action. They have P450 that degrades toxins
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What is immunological tissue is found in the mucosa of bronchi and bronchioles?
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BALT
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What is the most distal bronchiolar branch?
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Terminal bronchioles
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What describes hypertrophy and/or hypoplasia of mucous glands and smooth muscles leading to wall thickening? This result from repeated damage to the mucosa?
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Chronic Bronchitis
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Where is CFTR located?
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Submucosal gland cells
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Where might bronchial carcinoma arise?
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Can originate from areas of squamous metaplasia
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What does the respiratory passages include?
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1. Respiratory Bronchioles
2. Alveolar Ducts 3. Alveolar Sacs 4. Alveoli |
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What is the cell type of Respiratory Bronchioles? What cell type is also present here and becomes more predominate in the distal portions?
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Simple cuboidal epithelium that eventually become non-ciliated. Clara cells.
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Terminal branches of respiratory bronchioles open into:
What are these passages? |
Alveolar Ducts - they are linear passages lined with alveoli
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Describe the septa between adjacent alveoli.
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A small knob-like septum containing smooth muscle, reticular fibers and elastic tissue
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The openings to alveoli contain fibers of:
What does it lack? |
Elastin and Type III collagen but lack smooth muscle.
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Describe Alveolar Epithelium morphology (there are two types of cells)
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Type I Pneumocytes = Squamous
Type II Pneumocytes = Cuboidal |
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Type I cells line 95% of the alveolar surface compared to Type II. However, they have an important function - what is that?
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They produce, reabsorb and recycle components of Pulmonary Surfactant.
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The alveolar steptum contains a plexus of continuous capillaries surrounded by fibers of:
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(once again) Elastin and Type III collagen
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What other cell types are found within the alveolar septum?
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Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Mast Cells, and Fibroblasts
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Macrophages that migrate between Type I cells and into the lumen are called:
What do they do? |
Alveolar Macrophages
They phagocytize particulates and bacteria as well as aid in Type II cells in phagocytosis of surfactant. |
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One difference between Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema that you just realized is:
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CB = condition of the air passages
Emph = condition of respiratory passages. |
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What is destroyed progressively in Emphysema?
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Alveolar Septa - leading to enlarged air spaces.
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Why is elastic tissue reduced in emphysema?
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Bc there is reduced activity of alpha-antitrypsin that normally protects elastic fibers from degradation by proteases
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Acute Respiratory Distress syndrome is characterized by:
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A condition where the air-blood barrier is compromised by toxins, infectious agents or trauma.
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Interstitial fibrosis is caused by:
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Increased collagen and elastin production by fibroblasts within the interalveolar septum. Accumulation of fibruous CT impeads gas exchange and hpoxia. Associated with accumulation of inhaled particulates such as silica, coal, asbestos
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