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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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name some pro-inflammatory cytokines released by macrophages in response to bacteria
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TNF, IL-1, IL-6
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what causes the fever and malaise of influenza?
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IFN-alpha
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how does IFN-alpha limit the spread of a viral infection between cells?
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inhibits viral replication
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how does TNF affect myocardial contractility?
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TNF depresses cardiac function
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what is the source of acute phase proteins?
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liver
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which type of chronic inflammation is characterised by substantial numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes?
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chronic granulomatous inflammation
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what type of chronic inflammation is characterised by large numbers of neutrophils?
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chronic suppurative inflammation
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how is mycobacterium tuberculosis spread?
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aerosol droplets
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what happens to mycobacteria bacilli after being deposited in the terminal alveoli?
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phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages
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apart from alveolar macrophages and recruited macrophages, what phagocytoses mycobacteria in the alveoli?
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lung dendritic cells
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where do the dendritic cells containing mycobacteria migrate?
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hilar lymph nodes
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which macrophage-derived cytokine directs CD4 T cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-gamma?
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IL-12
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what is the greatest single risk factor for TB?
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HIV
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what is the role of IL-2 in mycobacterial immunity?
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it is required for the clonal expansion of antigen specific T cells
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what is the liftime risk of reactivation of TB is someone who is HIV negative?
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10%
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what fraction of the world's population is infected with TB?
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1/3
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what percentage of people infected with TB will develop latent TB?
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90%
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t/f... people with asymptomatic TB infection can transmit the infection to others
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false
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t/f... medicare is only available for Australian citizens
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false, available for citizens of Aus and New Zealand, permanent residents, those who have applied for permanent residency
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which applicants for temporary or permanent residency must have a chest x-ray?
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those 11 years and older
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what is inflammation?
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the reaction of vascularised living tissues to local injury or infection, characterised by the movement of fluid and leukocytes from the blood into the affected tissue
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what are the most prominent cells in acute inflammation?
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neutrophils
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what is exudate?
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oedema fluid with high protein content, resulting from increased endothelial permeability to plasma proteins in inflammation
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what is pus?
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inflammatory exudate containing viable and dead neutrophils, cell debris, viable and dead micro-organisms, protein, lipid, DNA, etc
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what do integrins bind to?
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endothelial-associated adhesion molecules
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what is chronic inflammation?
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inflammation of prolonged (weeks to years) duration, in which active inflammation, tissue destruction and tissue repair are proceeding simultaneously
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which type of chronic inflammation has three subtypes?
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chronic granulomatous inflammation
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what is an abscess?
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a circumscribed collection of pus within solid tissue
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what is an ulcer?
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a local defect, or excavation, on the surface of an organ or tissue, produced by the sloughing off of necrotic inflammatory tissue
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what are the three types of chronic granulomatous inflammation?
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immune type (e.g. TB)
unknown origin (sarcoidosis) foreign body granuloma (older types of surgical suture) |
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what are the features of a granuloma?
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fibrous tissue surrounding fibroblasts, lymphocytes, macrophages, epithelioid cells and giant cells
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what is the result of fusion of epithelioid cells?
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giant cell
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what are the four stages of healing?
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haemostasis
inflammation proliferation remodelling |
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what are the major differences between first and second intention healing?
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first intention - margins can attach, margins are sutured, no infection
second intention - margins not ready to attach, infection, margins are devitalised: bruised or necrotic |
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what stimulates the transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in remodelling?
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TGF-beta, PDGF
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what is the strength of a scar compared to normal skin?
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70%
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what is a malignant neoplasm originating from the epithelium called?
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carcinoma
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what is a neoplasm of mesenchymal origin called?
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sarcoma
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which mode of spread is typical of sarcomas?
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haematogenous spread
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what is the mechanism of metastasis leading to an ovarian tumour spreading through the peritoneal cavity?
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transcoelomic seeding across a body cavity
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which mechanism of metastasis involves intra-epidermal spread of tumour cells?
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intraepithelial Pagetoid spread
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