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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Articulations
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Places where bones come together, not necessarily moveable.
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Joints
Form and Function |
Paying attention to form and function plays an important part in understanding how joints work. How they look and are shaped often gives important clues to how they work.
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Types of Articulations
Synarthrosis - Fibrous Suture |
"fused joint" or "sewn"
immoveable Suture (i.e. in skull) |
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Types of Articulations
Synarthrosis - Cartilaginous Synchondrosis |
"fused joint" or "sewn"
immoveable Synchondrosis (i.e. in ribs) |
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Types of Articulations
Amphiarthrosis - Fibrous Syndesmosis |
think "amphi"bian (a little of both, partly) so this kind of joint is partly moveable.
Syndesmosis (i.e. connecting radius/ulna) |
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Types of Articulations
Amphiarthrosis - Cartilaginous Symphysis |
think "amphibian" (part/both) so "partly" moveable
symphysis (i.e. pubic symphysis) |
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Types of Articulations
Diarthrosis- Synovial |
Dia means through, so these are fully moveable (through and through). Synovial diarthrosis in elbow, fingers, wrists, hips, knees.
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Osteoarthritis
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Osteo = bone; arthr = joint; itis = inflammation. Inflammation of bones and joints, typically associated with old age. Joint replacement is sometimes an option.
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Inflammation of joints. Can strike at any age, causes gnarled joints. It is an autoimmune condition (body attacking itself). Very tough to treat/fix. Sometimes necessary to shut down immune system. Genetic.
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Glucosamine Chondroitin Sulfate (SO4)
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Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are substances found naturally in the body. Glucosamine is a form of amino sugar that is believed to play a role in cartilage formation and repair. Chondroitin sulfate is part of a large protein molecule (proteoglycan) that gives cartilage elasticity. Injected, it is effective. Orally, it may not work due to stomach acid breaking it down.
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Functions of Joint Capsule with Synovial Fluid (O2 gasses and Nutrients)
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protection, shock absorption, lubrication, transport Oxygen (gasses) and nutrients into joint.
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How long does it take cartilage to heal?
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Cartilage takes awhile to heal, 6 months at least, because bone gets a way better blood supply than cartilage.
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CPM
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Continuous Passive Motion - machine that moves a joint slowly without muscular assistance from the patient
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What is the top bone surgery performed?
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Knee surgery is the most common.
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What is the most complicated joint in the body?
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Knee Joint
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Miniscus
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A disk of cartilage that acts as a cushion between the ends of bones in a joint (i.e. medial and lateral miniscus in the knee).
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Patella
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Kneecap. Bone in front of the knee joint.
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Fat pads
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Pads of adipose tissue just below the kneecap...the fat on the outside of the joint (extracapsular).
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Bursa
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"Jellybag" A sac or saclike bodily cavity, especially one containing a viscous lubricating fluid and located between a tendon and a bone or at points of friction between moving structures. (i.e. between patella and femur)
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Ligament
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A band of fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints.
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Tendon
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A fibrous cord of connective tissue continuous with the fibers of a muscle and attaching the muscle to bone or cartilage.
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Are the collagenous connective tissues around the patella ligaments or tendons?
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From the patella up it's called a tendon, and from the patella down, it's a ligament (even though it's the same piece of connective tissue.
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What structures assists the patella (either extracapsular or intracapsular)?
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If it's extracapsular, it would be bursa and fat pads. If it's intracapsular, it would be intracapsular ligaments.
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How much of the vertebral column's height is made up of discs?
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25% is made up by discs.
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What is a herniated disc?
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The nucleus pulposus penetrates the annulus fibrosus.
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Why do we lose height as we age?
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We lose water in our discs as we age. It can also be partially due to bone mass loss. We are also taller in a.m. than in p.m.
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Can increasing water intake improve back pain? Why?
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Because drinking enough water helps make sure that the disks in the vertebrae have enough water in them.
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What is an epidural?
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Outside the dura, the outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and the spinal cord. A shot is given in the fat in this area of the spine to numb during childbirth (anesthesia stays in fat).
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What "ties" the bones together in the spine?
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A sheet of tendon.
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Subluxation
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Partial dislocation
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Luxation
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Complete dislocation in spine
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Gliding Joint
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Glides linearly, i.e. manubrium/clavicle
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Hinge Joint
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Angular
i.e. humerus/ulna in elbow |
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Pivot Joint
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Rotation
i.e. Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) |
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Ellipsoidal Joint
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An ellipse (smile shape) for sliding
i.e. radius/carpals |
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Saddle Joint
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shaped like a rider in the saddle, allows pivoting. i.e. trapezium and metacarpal of thumb
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Ball and Socket Joint
or Triaxial Joint |
allows circumduction
i.e. humerus/scapula or shoulder/hip |
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What primarily keeps the shoulder joint in place?
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Ligaments keep it in place, since the ball and socket joint is only a three point connection with bone (with the glenoid fossa at the end of the coracoid process).
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What are the bursa of the shoulder joint?
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subdeltoid bursa - under the deltoid; subcoracoid bursa - under coracoid process; subscapularis bursa below scapula.
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How are ligaments named?
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Ligaments are named for the bones they connect (fusing together the names in their combining forms, i.e. coracoacromial ligament)
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What is the coracoacromial ligament?
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It is a ligament that connects the coracoid process with the acromion process.
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What are vectors and how do they relate to joints, especially the elbow?
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Vectors are directions of force, and they relate to joints in that the ligaments/tendons are usually going in many directions (as in the case with the elbow) to withstand a number of force vectors.
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Name a bursa in the elbow.
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Olecranon bursa, under the base of the elbow.
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What connective tissue is used as "packing material" around joints?
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Fat
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Where is the elbow weakest?
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It's weakest at the olecranon/coronoid fossas where the humerus is the thinnest.
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What appendages extend our sensory world?
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Our arms
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What is the acetabulum?
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The dish of the coxxae, where the head of the femur fits (ball and socket joint).
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What three bones fused are sometimes called the coxae?
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Ischium, Ilium, Pelvis
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What tiny ligament keeps the femur in the acetabulum?
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Ligamentum Teres
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Name some of the ligaments of the coxal joint?
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iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
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What are the 7 ligaments of the knee (tibiofemoral joint) joint?
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Fibular collateral ("With Side"), Patellar, Anterior Cruciate Ligament ("cross) or ACL - front to back, Posterior Cruciate Ligament or PCL - back to front, 2 popliteal
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Gliding Joint
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Here bone surfaces are flat or only slightly concave or convex. adjacent bones slide over each other, limited movement.
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Flexion
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Reduces joint angle
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Extension
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Increases joint angle
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Abduction
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Carry away (i.e. open legs)
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Adduction
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Adds together (i.e. bring legs together)
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Rotation
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To twist left or right
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Pronation
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to turn palms downward (or backward in anatomical position)
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Supination
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To turn palms upward (i.e. accept a bowl of "soup") or forward in anatomical position.
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Inversion
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To point inward, medially
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Eversion
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Point outward, laterally
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Opposition
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Refers to the way the thumb can touch the tip of any of the other four fingers.
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Dorsiflexion
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toes are elevated (as if to dig heels in)
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Plantar Flexion
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move the foot so that toes point downward (think "ballerina feet").
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Protraction
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Move body part anteriorly (i.e. biting your upper lip with your lower teeth)
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Retraction
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Move body part dorsally (i.e. pulling your lower jaw back)
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Elevation
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Raise a body part vertically in the frontal plane (i.e. closing moutn is moving superiorly)
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Depression
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Lowers a body part vertically in the frontal plane (i.e. dropping the jaw)
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Lateral excursion
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The way we can move our jaws all around, side to side, etc. (think "chew like a cow).
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What is ROM an acronym for?
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Range of Motion.
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What is the difference of the pubic arch in male vs. female?
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In the male it is usually 90 degrees or less (a sharp right angle or less) and in women it can be an arch of greater than 100 degrees (maybe up to 120).
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