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476 Cards in this Set
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0.1% epi or 2.5% phenyl will do what in a pt with sudden ptosis and miosis and why?
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Elevate lids; b/c of hypersensitivity
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Toxicity of NE
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Increased BP
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ADH acts on the...
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Collecting Tubules
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Adrenergic drugs (do/do not) affect accommodation much?
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Do Not
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Albumin is not involved in what?
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Detoxification of drugs
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What type of drug is amiodarone and what is the SE?
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Antiarrythmic, whorl opacities/vortex keratopathy
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Alpha blocker followed by epi causes what?
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vasodilation
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Antazoline phosphate is what type of drug and used for what?
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H1-blocker; Type 1 hypersensitivity
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SE of Anticholinesterases?
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Hyperemia
Excess tearing Accommodative Spasms |
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SE of Atropine?
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Dry Skin and Tachycardia
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Bacitracin and Gramicidin are effective against ..?
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both Gram (+) and Gram (–).
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Bacitracin is good against
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Gram (+) in pus and blood
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Bacitracin is the first drug used to treat
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staph blepharitis
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β2-agonists (aminophylline) can be used to treat
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bronchospasm.
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Betaxolol does not cause
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bronchoconstriction.
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Bioavailability is best defined as
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the amount of drug present at the desired receptor level.
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Cephalosporins are associated with
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hypersensitivity
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Chloramphenicol is known to cause
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blood dyscrasias and Grey Baby Syndrome
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Chloroquine (antimalarial) causes
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bull’s-eye retinopathy.
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Chloroquine accumulates in
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RPE and choroid
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Chlorphinaramine blocks
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H1 receptors.
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Cholinergic drugs (increase/decrease) the AC/A ratio.
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decrease
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Cimetidine is a ... agonist and is prescribed as a .../
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H2-agonist
prophylactic |
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Cocaine acts as a
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vasoconstrictor.
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Cocaine blocks the reuptake of what?
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NE
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Cooperativity is
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binding one substrate which increases another site’s affinity for another substrate.
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What is the corneal toxicity of Epinephrine?
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Adenochrome deposits
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What can cyclopentolate cause in kids?
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Hallucinations
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Cyclosporine is used to prevent what?
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Graft Rejection
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Diazepam enhances what?
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GABA
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Digoxin increases what?
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Contractile Force
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Doubling the dose of a drug usually does what?
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increases its duration of action by one half life
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What are drugs excreted in the breast milk dangerous to the baby?
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Lack of metabolic enzymes
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What are the two irreversible anticholinesterases?
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Echothiophate and Isoflurophate
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Epi decreases the systemic absorption of what?
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local anesthetics
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What is epinephrine used for?
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Suspersensitivity denervation
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Erythromycin is (Broad/Narrow) spectrum and active against what?
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Broad spectrum
Neisseria |
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What are esters?
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Short acting local anesthetics
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What is the most powerful Diuretic?
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Furosemide
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Where is Gastrin made?
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G Cells of the stomach
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Diphenhydramine (OTC) causes what?
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CNS depressant effects
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Gramicidin is similar to which drug?
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Bacitracin
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What is H1 blockers affect on accommodation with long term use?
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Decreases accommodation
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High TI means the drug is safer or more dangerous?
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Safer
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What is the effect of Hydroxyamphetamines on EPi and Norepi?
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Increase
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What are commonly used to calm anxious patients?
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Hypnotics
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What was Ibuprofen's original use and what is it used for now?
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Tx for RA
Analgesic |
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What do you give to a pt in anaphylactic shock?
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Epi
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What is the SE of adding a TCA to an MAOI?
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Hypertensive crisis
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What receptors does Isoproterenol stimulate?
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Beta 1 and Beta 2
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What type of drug is Isosorbide?
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Osmotic Diuretic
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What is Ketanserin and what is is used for?
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Serotonin Antagonist
Tx of Hypertension |
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How does labetolol work?
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blocks all adrenergic receptors
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What are large doses of aspirin useful for?
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Promoting uric acid excretion
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What is LIdocaine used for?
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Ventricular Arrhythmias
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How do local anesthetics work?
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block Na+ channels
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What are Lomustine and Camustine used to tx?
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Brain tumors
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Where do loop diuretics work?
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Ascending Limb
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Mannitol affects what part of the kidney?
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Descending loop
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What is used to Dx Aide's Tonic Pupil?
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Methacholine
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What type of drug is methazolamide?
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CAI
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Nitroglycerine is used in the emergency tx of what? but is regularly prescribd for what?
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Hypertension
Angina |
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Methicillin is ... resistant?
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Beta-lactamase
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When is Neomycin used in the Eye?
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In conjuction with steroids
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Neomycin is (bactericidal/bacteristatic) and used for what type of hypersensitivty rxns?
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Bactericidal
Type IV |
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What is a SE of nicotine?
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Clonic spasms of the EOM's
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When are NSAIDs CI?
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Peptic Ulcer Dz
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Nystatin is good against what? WHy is is not used systemically?
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Fungal infections of the skin
Too Toxic |
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What order kinetics do ocuserts follow?
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Zero
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How do opiates cause death?
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respiratory depression
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Parasympathetic stimulation will (increase/decrease) AV conduction
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decrease
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How does the parathyroid hormone work?
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Bone Resportion
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When should a pt not be given phenylephrine?
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Pt on amitriptyline
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What is used to Tx candida infections?
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Flucytosine
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What is Polymixin B not effective against?
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Staph aureus (Gram +)
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What is Povidone?
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Germicide
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What is the SE of prolonged use of corticosteroids?
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HTN and Posterior Subcapsular cataracts
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What is Propantheline?
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Synthetic antimuscarinic agent
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What is proparacaine's duration of action?
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15 min
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Propanolol is a (Positive/Negative) Ionotrope?
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Negative
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What is Quinidine used to tx?
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Arrhythmias
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What is the SE of Chlorpromazine?
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Dry mouth
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What is affected first by local anesthetics?
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Small unmyelinated fibers
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What is the effect of steroids on IOP?
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Increase
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Succinylcholine is (Competitive/Non-Competitive) with Acetylcholine?
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non-competitive
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What is Succinylcholine?
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Muscle relaxant that acts by maintaining depolarization of the motor endplate
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What is Sucraflate?
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Anti-ulcer med that coats the stomach
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What is the mechanism of action of Sulfacetamide?
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inhibits folic acid metabolism
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What SE would not be expected with echothiphate?
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Tachycardia
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What is the mechanism of action of Tetracycline and what is it used to treat?
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inhibits cell protein synthesis at 30S
treats chlamydia |
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What does tetrahydrolazine (Visine) cause?
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Vasoconstriction
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What is the antidote for atropine overdose?
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Physiostigmine
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The steady state plasma concentration (is/is not) affected by the half-life of a drug?
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Is not
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What is the effect of Thiopental being slowly metabolized?
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Has a long duration
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What does Thyroxine stimulate?
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the levator
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Tobramycin is effective against what?
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Pseudomonas
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What is Tolbutimen's effect on the receptor?
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makes it more effective
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How should you treat trachoma?
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oral tetracycline
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What is Trazadone
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Atypical anti-depressant
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When is velocity 1/2 max?
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when the substrate concentration equals Km
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What does the A band contain?
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actin and myosin
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A lesion where would give you Aide's tonic pupil?
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Ciliary ganglion
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Describe velocity and total cross section as you go from artery -> arteriole -> capillary.
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Decrease velocity
Increase in total cross sectional area |
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What is the SE of Calcitonin and how does it do it?
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Hypocalcemia
Inhibiting bone resportion |
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What type of junctions are responsible for electrical transmissions?
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Gap Junctions
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In skeletal muscle, what does calcium bind to? What does it bind to in smooth muscle?
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Troponin
Calmodulin |
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Which are larger? Blood or lymph capillaries
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Lymph
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Monocytes turn into what? and are associated with acute or chronic inflammation?
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Macrophages
Chronic |
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Where are oligodendrocytes found in the eye/
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in the retolaminar part of the optic nerve
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Where do the pancreas and gall bladder empty into?
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the duodenum
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What are the Paranasal sinuses?
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Ethmoid, Frontal, Maxillary, Sphenoid
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Parasympathetic is ..... while Sympathetic is ......
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Craniosacral
Thoracolumbar |
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When is the parathyroid hormone released?
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in response to DECREASE in Ca2+
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What is the method of secretion of the parotid (salivary) glands?
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Holocrine
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What is the POsterior Auricular artery a branch of?
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external cartoid
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What does the posterior communicating artery connect?
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internal carotid and posterior cerebral artery
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What does prolactin stimulate?
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mamillary body secretions
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What are proto-oncogenes?
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Normal tissue component that regulates cell proliferation
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What causes the release of neurotransmitter?
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Calcium
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Respiratory bronchi (do/do not) have cartilage?
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Do not
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What is least likely to cause pulmonary edema?
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Right Ventricular Failure
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What surrounds the axons in the PNS?
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Schwann Cells
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What is secretin secreted by and what is the stimualtion for secretion?
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Duodenum
low pH in the stomach |
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What is the Trapezius innervated by and what is its action?
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CN XI
Shrugging |
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What is the slowest conduction of the heart? Fastest?
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AV node
Bundle of His |
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Can Smooth muscle regenerate?
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Yes
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What produces Somatostatin?
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D Cells of the Pancreas
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What part of the skin is most active?
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Stratum Basale
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What lines the craters in the stomach?
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Sucrafate
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What secretes Surfactant?
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Type 2 alveolar cells
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Describe the innervation of taste?
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Anterior 2/3 of tongue: CN VII
Posterior 1/3 of tongue: CN IX |
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What is the adequate stimulus for the semicircular canal?
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Gravity
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What opens to the superior meatus? Middle meatus? Inferior meatus?
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Anterior Ethmoidal Air Cells
Maxillary Nasolacrimal duct |
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What does the cavernous sinus enclose?
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The somatic afferent and efferent nerves to the eye and its muscles
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What bundle branch is not part of the moderator band?
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Right bundle branch
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Where is the Ciliary ganglion located?
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between the optic nerve and the lateral rectus
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Where is the Ciliospinal center of budge?
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Between C8 and T1 or T2
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When do corneal nerves loses their myelination?
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As they progress through the stroma
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What innervates the diaphragm?
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Phrenic Nerve
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What forms the dilator muscle of the iris?
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epithelial cell processes
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Where is the fossa for the lacrimal gland located?
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Frontal bone
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What is the framework of the heart (endocardium) made of?
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Fibrous connective tissue
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How is the hypophysis connected to the brain stem?
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Portal system
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How are the kidneys placed in the body?
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Retroperitoneal
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What makes up the lateral wall of the orbit?
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Zygomatic Bone
Greater wing of the sphenoid |
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What is the least damageable cell type?
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stratified pseudocolumnar
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What does the maxillary artery NOT pass through?
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The SOF and the Cavernous sinus
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What is the muscle involved in brow furrowing while frowning?
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Corrugator superciliaris
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What part of the orbit does the optic nerve go through?
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lesser wing of the sphenoid (thru the optic canal)
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What forms the SOF?
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Greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid
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How does the orbit communicate with the IT fossa and PP fossa?
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thru the IOF
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What protects the orbit from inflammation?
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orbital septum
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What is the orbital septum continuous with?
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Tarsal Plate
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What bone contributes least to the orbit?
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Palatine bone
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Is the pancreas exocrine or endocrine?
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Both
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What sits below the pituitary?
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Sphenoid sinus
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Where does the spina recti lateralis lie?
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on the sphenoid bone
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What is found between the cerebrum and cerebellum?
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Tentorium cerebeli
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What is the most mitotic layer of the epidermis?
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Statum germinativum/stratum basale
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What is the thymus needed for and what is its life cycle?
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Cell Mediated immunity
Active until young adult and then atrophies |
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The tympanic membrane (is/is not) part of the cochlea.
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Is not
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Where does the vertebral artery arise from?
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The subclavian
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What does the vidian (pterygoid) nerve carry? parasympathetics or sympathetics?
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Both
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How many spinal nerves are there? how many vertebrae?
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31 nerves
33 vertebrae |
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What must happen to prevent all reflex tearing?
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Disrupt the trigmeninal ganglion (prevent V1 sensation)
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What makes up the Blood-Air Barrier
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Type 1 pneumocytes
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How do you calculate cardiac output
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Stroke Volume x heart rate
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How do you calculate blood flow?
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arterial pressure/resistance
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How do you calculate the mean arterial pressure?
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1/3 systolic + 2/3 diastolic
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pH = ?
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log [H+]
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Acanthamoeba is associated with what?
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Extended CL wear
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What type of bug is acanthamoeba?
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protozoan
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What is Actinomyces? what can it produce?
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aerobic, Gram + fungus-like bacteria
produces antibiotics |
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Which is more effective? Aerobic or Anaerobic metabolism?
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Aerboic (18X more effective)
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What is an obligate aerobe?
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Can only use oxygen
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What is Aspergillus and how do you tx it?
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Filamentous fungi
Amphotericin B |
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What does autoclaving consist of?
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121 deg C for 15 min
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What is the best means of disinfection?
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Autoclaving
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What kingdom are bacteria?
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Monera
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What are bacterial cell walls made of?
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peptidoglycan
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How can Candida albicans be cultured?
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Sabouraud's agar at room temp
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What is a virulence factor in bacteria?
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Capsule
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What is responsible for gas gangrene?
|
Clostridium perfringens
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What is Corynebacterium diptheriae?
|
Non-spore forming Gram- bacilli
|
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What are the most common cause of corneal ulcers?
|
Pseudomonas
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What organisms are club-shaped and found in normal flora?
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Corynebacterium and E.coli
|
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Endotoxins are only found where?
|
Gram - organisms
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What type of fungi have spores and hyphae?
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Filamentous
|
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Fluroquinolones are good against what?
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Pseudomonas
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How are fungi identified?
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on the basis of presence of hyphae and spores in culture
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What do the most common fungal infections begin with?
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Tinea
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What are fungi cell walls made of?
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Chitin
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What will grow on chocolate agar?
|
Neisseria
Haemophilus Moraxella |
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What is Strep pneumoniae
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gram + lance-shaped diplococcus
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Which bugs are and are not transmitted at birth?
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Are: Neisseria, Chlamydia, and Treponema
Are Not: Haemophilus |
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What is Haemophilus?
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non-motile, Gram - coccobaccilus
|
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Does the Herpes viruses have an envelope?
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Yes
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Where do heterotrophs get their energy source?
|
Organic sources
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What is the fungal infection that resembles TB?
|
Histoplasmosis
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What is the Haemophilus aegyptius, associated with conjunctivits?
|
Kochs-Weeks bacillus
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How do molds reproduce?
|
Spores
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In whom does moraxella commonly cause problems?
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Elderly
|
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How do you visualize a mycobacterium?
|
Acid Fast stain
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What are mycoplasma?
|
Facultative aerobes
|
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Why isn't PCN effective against mycoplasma?
|
Doesn't have a cell wall
|
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What is Neisseria gonorrhea?
|
Gram - aerobic diplococcus
|
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What causes river blindness?
|
Onchocheriasis
|
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What is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivits?
|
Strep pneumoniae
|
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What are unicellular heterotrophs?
|
protozoa
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What causes pseudomembranous collitis?
|
Clostridium difficile and clindamycin
|
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram (–) or (+) rod.
|
-
|
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What causes Rocky Mountain Spotted fever?
|
Rickettsia (intracellular parasite)
|
|
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What are spirochetes similar to?
|
Gram - bacteria
|
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What are spore-forming bacteria?
|
Bacillus (aerobic) and clostridium (anaerobic)
|
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What will grow on blood agar?
|
Staph and strep and moraxella
|
|
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What does Staph aureus cause?
|
Abscesses, boils, and toxic shock syndrome
|
|
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Describe Staph epidermidis.
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Catalase +, coagulase -, and Gram +
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Is Staph epidermidis considered normal flora?
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yes
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Staph aureus is coagluase + or -?
|
+
|
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What does Streptomyces produce?
|
Antibiotics
|
|
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What causes syphillis?
|
Treponema pallidum
|
|
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What is the best time to use drugs?
|
Log (exponential) phase
|
|
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What is the worm parasite carried by dogs?
|
Toxocariasis
|
|
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What is the obligate parastie carried by cats?
|
Toxoplasmosis
|
|
|
What is transformation? Conjugation? Transduction?
|
Transformation: Taking up naked DNA
Conjugation: via cell-cell contact Transduction: via viruses |
|
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What is the virus of the chicken pox?
|
Varicella Zoster
|
|
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Compare Yeast and Molds
|
Yeast: Unicellular
Mold: Multicellular Both are non-photosynthetic |
|
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What are most common cause of yeast infections?
|
Candida Albicans
|
|
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How do yeast reproduce?
|
Sexually and by budding
|
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From near to far takes ... sec, far to near in ... sec.
|
0.38 sec
0.56 sec |
|
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What is the latency for accommodation?
|
300 msec
|
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What is the max horizontal eye rotation
|
70 degrees
|
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Reading is considered a collection of what?
|
microsaccades
|
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what is the stimulus for accommodation
|
retinal blur
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what is the stimulus for pursuits?
|
velocity
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What is the stimulus for saccades?
|
position
|
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What muscle is synergistic with the IO?
|
SR
|
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When is the IO responsible for elevation?
|
when the eye is in adducted position
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From where does the IO originate?
|
Maxillary bone
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Which EOM originates farthest from the optic foramen?
|
IO
|
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Which EOM does not have the same anataomical and physiological origin?
|
IO
|
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When does a person exhibit false torsion?
|
when the eye is in tertiary position
|
|
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What is Botox used to treat?
|
strabismus
|
|
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How will a CN III palsy manifest?
|
Down and Out
|
|
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What are the eye movements of REM?
|
Saccades
|
|
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Which are faster: smaller or larger saccades?
|
Larger
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What eye movement has the shortest latency?
|
pursuits
|
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What pathway controls saccades?
|
fronto-mesencephalic pathway
|
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When does the MR depress the globe?
|
when the line of site is below the horizontal plane
|
|
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The orbicularis oculi is antagonistic to what?
|
Levator
|
|
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What is the action of the SO when the eye is abducted 39 deg?
|
Intorsion only
|
|
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If a figure skater spins to the right and then stops, which direction will be the fast phase of the nystagmus?
|
Right
|
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|
Flu = ____ coefficient
|
685 P
|
|
|
A difference b/t distance and near cyl (is/is not) axial in nature.
|
is not
|
|
|
1 degree is equal to how many prism dipoters?
|
1.745
|
|
|
A person looking at 250mm witha 0.125D depth of focus can move the object how many mm before it gets blurred?
|
8mm
|
|
|
How can you create a real image in a convex mirror?
|
With a virtual object inside the focal point
|
|
|
Why does an absolute presbyope have a range of accommodation?
|
because of depth of focus
|
|
|
What is an optical system that is corrected for both spherical abberation and coma called?
|
Aplanatic
|
|
|
Where is angle lambda located?
|
between the pupillary axis and the line of sight
|
|
|
As the wavelength of light increases, what happens to the power? Temperature? Energy?
|
They all decrease
|
|
|
What is the center of rotation?
|
The point of zero velocity during rotation
|
|
|
How are depth of field and pupil size related?
|
Inversely
|
|
|
What is dispersion?
|
The slowing of light as it crosses a media
|
|
|
Diverging light comes from what type of objects?
|
Real
|
|
|
What is the calculation for the amount to put into an ophthalmoscope?
|
Doctors Rx + Pts Rx
|
|
|
Describe the Drop ball test for both dress and safety glasses.
|
Dress: 5/8in ball from 50 in
Safety: 1 in ball from 50 in |
|
|
The focal length of a concave mirror is (dependent/independent) of the medium?
|
Independent
|
|
|
What type of telescope is the Galilean telescope?
|
Terrestrial
|
|
|
What happens to the image displacement as the prism apical angle increases?
|
Increases
|
|
|
In a spherical mirror, how are the focal power and the radius of curvature related?
|
Directly proportional
|
|
|
What happens to the Pe if you increase the vertex distance of a + lens?
|
increase Pe
|
|
|
In what lenses do internal reflections occur most?
|
low (-) lenses
|
|
|
How does a keratometer work?
|
Uses a doubling prism to move the image in relation to the observed cornea
|
|
|
What happens to wavelength of light as it enters the eye?
|
diminishes
|
|
|
Microwaves have a (higher/lower) wavelength than light?
|
Higher
|
|
|
Mirrors (do/do not) change focal length in different media?
|
Do Not
|
|
|
What type of rays cause marginal aberration?
|
Oblique
|
|
|
How is oblique light that hits a clear glass surface reflected?
|
180 deg out of phase
|
|
|
Peripheral flattening of the cornea compensates for what?
|
spherical abberations
|
|
|
What is the shape of the cornea?
|
Aspheric and symmetric
|
|
|
How does a laser work?
|
By creating coherent light
|
|
|
Peripheral rays forming in front of paraxial rays is
(positive/negative) spherical aberration |
positive
|
|
|
How do you correct a refractive ametrope?
|
CL
|
|
|
What is the rule for reverse slab off prism?
|
PDP: Plastic, Base Down, more Plus Lens
|
|
|
What is the correct shade for electric spot welding?
|
Shade #5
|
|
|
What is the rules for Slab off prism?
|
GUM: Glass, Base Up, More Minus Lens
|
|
|
When does spherical aberrations increase?
|
Plus power and pupil size
|
|
|
The energy of quantum is (directly/inversely) proportional to the wavelength?
|
Inversely
|
|
|
What is the entrance pupil?
|
The image of the aperture stop in object space
|
|
|
Where is the far point for a hyperopic eye? Myopic eye?
|
Hyperopic: Behind the eye
Myopic: In front of the eye |
|
|
How many refracting surfaces does the Gullstrand schematic eye have?
|
3
|
|
|
What is the largest refracting angle that a prism can have so that light can pass through?
|
twice the critical angle
|
|
|
What is the anterior radius of curvature of the lens?
|
10 mm
|
|
|
Where are the nodal points of the eye?
|
Lie at equal distances from the respective principle points
|
|
|
Where in the retina does the optical axis of the eye typically intersect?
|
nasal to the macula
|
|
|
The orientation of the first line of focus in the interval of Sturm is the same as which meridian?
|
the meridian of minimum power
|
|
|
Where does the pupillary axis pass?
|
through normal to the cornea and thru the center of the entrance pupil
|
|
|
What is the relationship between the retinal image size of an uncorrected axial myope vs. uncorrected refractive myope?
|
axial myope has larger retinal image size
|
|
|
What is the speed of light in air?
|
3x10^8 m/s (186,000 miles/sec)
|
|
|
In thin prisms, how does diverging light shift the image? converging light?
|
Diverging: toward the apex
Converging: toward the base |
|
|
To use an astronomical telescope, how must an uncorrected myope move the eyepiece?
|
toward the objective
|
|
|
Up to 4 diopters of ametropia are probably due to what?
|
axial length
|
|
|
Wave theory (does/does not) explain photoelectric emission?
|
Does not
|
|
|
When accommodation is relaxed, where does the line of sight fall?
|
far point
|
|
|
When viewed through cross polaroids, a heat tempered lens will show what pattern?
|
Maltese Cross
|
|
|
When you accommodate, what happens to the exit pupil and the retinal image size?
|
both get smaller
|
|
|
With chromatic aberration, what focuses first? second? last?
|
First: Blue
Second: Yellow Last: Red |
|
|
Why would you decenter an XP at near?
|
Because of accommodation
|
|
|
Where would you place a +10D lens to correct a 4D myope?
|
35 cm
|
|
|
What has total memory and is hypoallergenic?
|
Zyl
|
|
|
A fresnel double prism is used to demonstrate what?
|
interference
|
|
|
What are the 4 symptoms of inflammation?
|
Rubor, Tumor, Calor, and Dolor
|
|
|
Autoimmunity is via which gene?
|
MHC
|
|
|
What region of the antibody recognizes the antigen?
|
Hypervariable
|
|
|
Antibodies in which immune response are higher and persist longer: Primary or secondary?
|
Secondary
|
|
|
What can initiate the primary immune response?
|
Macrophage
|
|
|
Rheumatoid factor is what type of immunoglobulin?
|
IgM
|
|
|
What is responsible for non-specific immunity?
|
Natural Killer Cells
|
|
|
Cytotoxic T Cells are active against what?
|
Parasites
|
|
|
Which type of reactions are autoimmune?
|
Type II
|
|
|
Where is IgA found?
|
tears, mucous membranes, and GI tract
|
|
|
IgE have the greatest affinity for what type of cells?
|
Mast Cells
|
|
|
Which antibody can cross the placenta and which portion allows it to do so?
|
IgG
Fc portion |
|
|
Which antibody is involved in allergy, parasitic infections?
|
IgE
|
|
|
When is IgM formed?
|
during the primary response to an antigen
|
|
|
What is Histamine Triple Response?
|
Localized edema
Flare Erythema |
|
|
Which transplant is most likely to be rejected?
|
from a cousin
|
|
|
Acute inflammation involves what?
|
Transient constrictions
arteriolar dilation capillary and venule dilation |
|
|
What are the cone peaks?
|
Blue: 450
Green: 510 Red: 570 |
|
|
How much quanta is needed for detection in a dark adapted person?
|
5-14 (average 9)
|
|
|
How much quanta of light must hit the cornea for it to be detected?
|
50-140 (average of 90)
|
|
|
A Deuteranomolous trichromat matches yellow with read and green on an anomaloscope. How will it appear to a normal trichromat?
|
More Green
|
|
|
How will a gray square appear on a green background? why?
|
Red
Because of simultaneous contrast |
|
|
What does a myope see when looking at a cobalt filter?
|
red center with a blue fringe
|
|
|
Can a person be a deuteranomolous deuteranope?
|
No
|
|
|
What is the difference between a protanope and deuteranope's scotopic luminosity curve?
|
they are the same
|
|
|
What is Abbey's Law?
|
The luminance of a mixture of colors is equal to the sum of luminance of its parts
|
|
|
What is Airy's disc due to?
|
Diffraction
|
|
|
An emmetrope with +1.00 will see a what when looking at a cobalt filter?
|
blue circle with a red center
|
|
|
What is the rod saturation point?
|
When 10% of the pigment is bleached
|
|
|
What is Autokinetic Motion?
|
Apparent motion of small isolated object in dark environment
|
|
|
How is backward masking explained?
|
latency difference
|
|
|
How can blue arcs of the retina be seen?
|
As moving spots while looking at a brightly illuminated surface (blue sky)
|
|
|
What are Maxwell Spots?
|
entopic phenomenon seen in the center of the fovea
|
|
|
What can cause a blue yellow color vision problem?
|
acquired ON defect
|
|
|
What decreases CFF?
|
Cataracts and Age
|
|
|
Cells in ocular dominance columns respond to what?
|
Stimuli in the same orientation
|
|
|
How much does CFF decrease by age 40? Why?
|
7 cycles/sec
70% because of senile miosis |
|
|
What happens to the CFF with yellowing of the lens?
|
CFF decreases
|
|
|
What happens to the CFF with increased light intensity?
|
CFF increases
|
|
|
What is the 1/2 life for regeneration of cones? Regeneration of rods?
|
Cones: 1.5 min
Rods: 5 min |
|
|
What is the critical period for kittens?
|
1-3 months
|
|
|
How does a Lambert surface reflect light?
|
equally in all directions (a perfect diffuser)
|
|
|
How doe large pupils effect VA?
|
By spherical and chromatic aberrations
|
|
|
What is the location of maximal stimulus for rods?
|
>20 degrees
|
|
|
What is the rate of passage of light from a source?
|
Luminous flux
|
|
|
Why are clouds white?
|
Tyndall scatter
|
|
|
What is the basis for pseudoisochormatic plates?
|
Color confusion
|
|
|
How can color specification be demonstrated?
|
Hue
Chroma Value |
|
|
Where is complete spatial summation implied?
|
Ricco's Law
|
|
|
Where are cones maximally sensitive?
|
555 nm
|
|
|
When does contrast sensitivity peak?
|
By age 1 and remains until 39
|
|
|
What happens to the contrast sensitivity under mesopic conditions?
|
overall depression
|
|
|
Depth of focus varies (directly/indirectly) with the effective size of a retinal unit?
|
directly
|
|
|
What is the minimum visible VA?
|
detection VA
|
|
|
What are Fechner's colors generally attributed to?
|
different photoreceptor latencies
|
|
|
What is the result from mixing white and black stimuli?
|
Fechner's colors
|
|
|
Which bleach faster, rods or cones?
|
Cones
|
|
|
• For every 5 degrees you move out on the horopter, how does Panum’s fusional area change?
|
gets larger by 1 degree
|
|
|
What contributes to chroma?
|
Hue and saturation
|
|
|
What specifies how much color stimulus differs from a white light of equal brightness?
|
Hue
|
|
|
If rods and cones are bleached at the same time, which will be more regenerated after 5 minutes?
|
cones
|
|
|
If you induce exotropia, how will a monkey be able to see?
|
WIll be able to see out of each eye, but not at the same time
|
|
|
If you wanted to test scotopic dark adaptation, you would use a __ degree blue/green target located __ degrees eccentrically.
|
5 degree target
20 degrees |
|
|
In a badal optometer, a +40D lens would provide how much dipoters per cm of object displacement?
|
16D
|
|
|
In the dark, where is accommodative posture?
|
inside infinity
|
|
|
What is removed in the leaf room?
|
All monocular cues
|
|
|
Incandescent light yields what type of spectrum?
|
Continuous
|
|
|
What is the Induced effect is from? Geometric effect?
|
x180
x090 |
|
|
What is the critical period for monkeys?
|
6 weeks
|
|
|
What will monkeys raised in a confined environment exhibit?
|
myopia
|
|
|
What are Moore's lightning streaks a sign of?
|
PVD
|
|
|
What causes most ectopic phenomena?
|
Vitreal floaters
|
|
|
What is the most common form of hereditary color vision deficiency?
|
Deuteranomoly
|
|
|
What is the most common method of determining the horopter?
|
Apparent Fronto-parallel plane (AFPP)
|
|
|
What is a cue that is within arms length?
|
Motion parallax
|
|
|
What causes night myopia?
|
resting accommodation
chromatic aberration spherical aberration extrafoveal fixation |
|
|
What is normal Vernier acuity?
|
2-4 sec arc
|
|
|
Where is Panum’s fusional area is largest?
|
periphery
|
|
|
What is the peak CFF?
|
5 cycles/sec
|
|
|
Who sees phosphenes more often? and where are they seen?
|
middle-aged women
vertically and temporally |
|
|
How is the pulfrich phenomenon seen with the right eye?
|
Counterclockwise ellipse
|
|
|
Receptive fields of complex cells are selective for what?
|
motion of a certain orientation
|
|
|
What curve is missing for a protanope? deuteranope?
|
Protanope: Red
Deuteranope: Green |
|
|
What are the colors least confused by a tritanope?
|
red/yellow
|
|
|
Refocusing with a (+/-) lens affects CSF at high frequency?
|
+
|
|
|
Why are retinal vessels not visible?
|
Troxler effect
|
|
|
Where are rods maximally sensitive?
|
505 nm
|
|
|
Signal detection theory (does/does not) detect background noise.
|
does not
|
|
|
Why is the sky blue?
|
Rayleigh Scatter
|
|
|
How does a small pupil decrease VA?
|
by diffraction
|
|
|
Snellen acuity compares with CSF at what frequency, high or low?
|
highest
|
|
|
Snellen acuity of 20/20 subtends 5 details of __ minute or overall visual angle of __ minutes?
|
1
5 |
|
|
What happens to spectral sensitivity as we age?
|
shifts towards low wavelengths
|
|
|
What is the highest form of VA?
|
Stereopsis
|
|
|
Stereopsis requires what type of disparity?
|
Horizontal
|
|
|
The Stiles-Crawford effect I (angle affects brightness) has to do with what property of light?
|
Wave
|
|
|
The Stiles-Crawford effect is present in rods or cones?
|
Both
cones>rods |
|
|
What is temporal summation for scotpoic? photopic?
|
Scotopic: 100 msec
Photopic: 10-50 msec |
|
|
Temporal summation is (dependent/independent) of wavelength
|
Independent
|
|
|
Temporal summation is longer for _____ stimuli and ____ light levels
|
Pattern
lower |
|
|
What wave has the highest amp?
|
B wave
|
|
|
What is the best measure of resolution acuity?
|
grating stimuli
|
|
|
The flicker and cascade methods represent techniques used in what?
|
heterochromatic photometry
|
|
|
What is the greatest modulation in a diagram?
|
the one with the greatest difference between peak and trough
|
|
|
What hue will appear least saturated to a deuteranope?
|
Green
|
|
|
What is a unit of luminous flux (luminous power)?
|
Lumen
|
|
|
What is the main reason for modular transfer?
|
quality image on the retina
|
|
|
What is the minimum distance that can be resolved at 1km with the unaided eye?
|
26.8 cm
|
|
|
What is another name for the Nonius horopter?
|
equi-angular horopter
|
|
|
What is the peak of the photopic luminosity curve?
|
555 nm
|
|
|
What happens to the perceived brightness of a brief single flash if the time is greater than the critical duration?
|
remains constant
|
|
|
What is the photochromatic interval for red stimuli? blue/green?
|
Red: Zero
Blue/green: larger |
|
|
Pseudoisochromatic plates are designed around what?
|
confusion lines of the CIE diagram
|
|
|
Where does the process of color analysis begin?
|
retina
|
|
|
What proves the duplicity theory?
|
Purkinje Shift
|
|
|
What is the ratio of the input frequency to the input contrast?
|
spatial modulation transfer function
|
|
|
Which threshold sensitivity is affected more by a given amount of pigment bleaching, rods or cones?
|
rods
|
|
|
What is the time required to perceive apparent motion?
|
50-60 msec pause between 2 targets
|
|
|
A troland is the measure of what?
|
retinal illuminance
|
|
|
What is the lminance of a stimulus times the area of the entrance pupil?
|
a Troland
|
|
|
Under scotoptic conditions, blue or red poker chips seem brighter?
|
blue
|
|
|
Which UV light causes cataract change and is the most damaging to ocular structures?
|
UV B (300nm)
|
|
|
What happens to VA as Airy's disc decreases?
|
VA increases
|
|
|
What is the best measure of acuity?
|
Vernier
|
|
|
Which stimuli are preferred in the cortex?
|
Vertical
|
|
|
What is the locus of points with zero geometric retinal disparity?
|
V-M circle
|
|
|
When you are dark adapting, the cones control the threshold sensitivity until ___ % of the rhodopsin is regenerated?
|
90%
|
|
|
When you fixate of a dark target, it is what?
|
oculocentric
|
|
|
With OD x090 and OS x180, which wall will seem farther out, right or left?
|
right
|
|
|
When are you most sensitive to blue?
|
when you are dark adapted
|
|
|
Where do fibers related to corresponding retinal points first meet?
|
in the optic radiations
|
|
|
What is a second messenger?
|
cGMP
|
|
|
What is the role of albumin?
|
keeps the blood plasma in osmotic equilibrium with cells of the body
|
|
|
What vitamin is an antioxidant in the lens?
|
Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C)
|
|
|
What is the role of B12?
|
Synthesis of nucleic acids
Maintenance of Myelin and Folic acid |
|
|
What is the most abundant protein extracellularly?
|
Collagen
|
|
|
What removes free radicals from the lens?
|
Glutathione reductase
Catalase Superoxide dismutase Ascorbic Acid |
|
|
How are fatty acids metabolized?
|
beta oxidation
|
|
|
What holds DNA strands together?
|
H-bonds
|
|
|
When are Haptens recognized as antigens?
|
only when they are bound to larger proteins
|
|
|
Inhibiting what inhibits the sorbitol pathway?
|
aldose reductase
|
|
|
What is produced by ketone body excess?
|
ketoacidosis
|
|
|
Where does Kreb's cycle (TCA) occur?
|
matrix of mitochondria
|
|
|
Light converts 11-cis-retinal to what?
|
all-trans-retinal
|
|
|
What are the essential fatty acids?
|
Linoleic Acid
Linolenic Arachidonic Acid |
|
|
What activates Lysozyme?
|
decreased pH
|
|
|
What pathway produces NADPH?
|
Pentose Phosphate Shunt
|
|
|
Which membranes for free radicals attack?
|
those containing unsaturated fatty acids
|
|
|
In which direction are RNA and DNA strands written?
|
5' to 3'
|
|
|
What are the bonds of saturated fats?
|
single bonds (no double bonds)
|
|
|
The golgi apparatus is used in what?
|
secretion
|
|
|
What is the highest concentration of protein in the lens nucleus?
|
beta cystalline
|
|
|
What is the highest mitotic region of the lens?
|
at the anterior equatorial zone of the epithelium
|
|
|
What is the least active pathway in the lens?
|
oxidative pathway of glucose
|
|
|
What is the primary storage form of fatty acids?
|
Triacylglycerols
|
|
|
What replaces thymine in RNA?
|
Uracil
|
|
|
What dimers are created by UV radiation?
|
Thymidine dimers
|
|
|
Which fats have double bonds?
|
unsaturated fats
|
|
|
Which vitamins have antioxidant properties?
|
A, C, E
|
|
|
What does Vitamin B12 require to be absorbed?
|
intrinsic factor
|
|
|
What vitamin is involved in the formation of prothrombin?
|
Vitamin K
|
|
|
Vitamins act as what?
|
coenzymes
|
|
|
What are the weakest bonds?
|
Hydrogen
|
|
|
What happens to the sorbitol pathway when blood glucose is increased?
|
increased
|
