10 Plants

Front 1

Plants, 4 characteristics

Back 1

- multicelllular, eukaryotic organisms
-cellulose cell wall
-photosynthetic-- convert light energy to chemical energy by chloroplasts in leaves
- Take up water via capillary action

Front 2

3 major groups of plants

Back 2

nonvascular, seedless vascular, seeded vascular

Front 3

Bryophytes

Back 3

primitive nonvascular plants. Mosses, liverworts.

Front 4

Tracheophytes

Back 4

most common and widespread land plants. Vascular, enables them to thrive on land. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Front 5

Vascular tissues

Back 5

phloem- nutrients
xylem- water and minerals

Front 6

Xylem

Back 6

Conduct water and minerals up a plant from roots. Made of TRACHEIDS- long and thin; and VESSEL ELEMENTS- short and thick

Front 7

Phloem

Back 7

conducts nutrients such as glucose. Made of SIEVE TUBE ELEMENTS- carry nutrients, and COMPANION CELLS- lend "support" to sieve tube elements.

Front 8

Water enters a plant thru _____. This also anchors the plant

Back 8

Roots.

Front 9

Roots have _____ to carry water and increase surface area for absorption

Back 9

Roott hairs

Front 10

Gymnosperms

Back 10

seeded plant. Woody plants, oldest. Inc. Pine trees, spruces, and are perennial.

Front 11

Gymnosperms are perennial, this means:
You can determine the age of a gymnosperms by looking at the # of

Back 11

they live year after year. You can determine the age of a gynosperm by looking at # of TREE RINGS.

Front 12

Gymnosperms are perennial, this means:
You can determine the age of a gymnosperms by looking at the # of

Back 12

they live year after year. You can determine the age of a gynosperm by looking at # of TREE RINGS.

Front 13

TREE RINGS

Back 13

Find age of gymnosperm by counting these. Made of dead xylem, represent tree's annual growth.

Front 14

TREE RINGS

Back 14

Find age of gymnosperm by counting these. Made of dead xylem, represent tree's annual growth.

Front 15

Gymnosperms have ____ seeds

Back 15

"naked" seeds, unenclosed. A pine cone. Sexy.

Front 16

Gymnosperms have ____ seeds

Back 16

"naked" seeds, unenclosed. A pine cone. Sexy.

Front 17

Angiosperms

Back 17

"Flowering plants" Seeds enclosed in nut or fruit. Ex. cherry, walnut.
2 classes: monocots and dicots

Front 18

Angiosperms

Back 18

"Flowering plants" Seeds enclosed in nut or fruit. Ex. cherry, walnut.
2 classes: monocots and dicots

Front 19

Monocot

Back 19

-petals in 3s
-1 cotyledon
-scattered vasc bundles
fibrous root system
-parallel venation

Front 20

Monocot

Back 20

-petals in 3s
-1 cotyledon
-scattered vasc bundles
fibrous root system
-parallel venation

Front 21

Dicot

Back 21

-2 cotyledon
-floral parts in 4s or 5s
vasc bundles in a circle
taproot system
netted venation

Front 22

Dicot

Back 22

-2 cotyledon
-floral parts in 4s or 5s
vasc bundles in a circle
taproot system
netted venation

Front 23

Plants spend part of their lives as haploids and part of their lives as diploids, this is_____

Back 23

alternation of generations

Front 24

Plants spend part of their lives as haploids and part of their lives as diploids, this is_____

Back 24

alternation of generations

Front 25

Haploid plant is
diploid plant is

Back 25

gametophyte- ; sporophyte- produces haploid spores by meiosis

Front 26

Haploid plant is
diploid plant is

Back 26

gametophyte- ; sporophyte- produces haploid spores by meiosis

Front 27

In bryophytes the ____ is dominant

Back 27

gametophyte

Front 28

In tracheophytes, the ____ stage is dominant

Back 28

sporophyte

Front 29

meristems

Back 29

specialized, actively dividing cells where plant growth occurs

Front 30

primary growth + what tissues cause it

Back 30

increases plant length. Apical meristems are the tissues that cause primary growth and are located in the tips of roots and stems

Front 31

lateral meristems

Back 31

increase width of plant.

Front 32

What cells do the lateral meristems produce?

Back 32

vascular cambium (produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem, which replace primary) Cork cambium (produces tissues of outer bark)

Front 33

Lenticels

Back 33

allow gas exchange thru bark (stomata in bark)

Front 34

3 regions of growing root

Back 34

root tip, elongation region, maturation region.

Front 35

Root tip and elongation are sites of

Back 35

ongoing primary growth

Front 36

all roots have a protective outer covering, a

Back 36

epidermis

Front 37

cortex

Back 37

middle region which stores starch and other minerals in plant)

Front 38

stele

Back 38

inner cylinder which contains xylems and phloems

Front 39

WAter and minerals enter the root by traveling thru root cortex either by ____ or ____

Back 39

apoplast (porous cell walls) or symplast (thru plasmodesmata)

Front 40

endodermis

Back 40

inner layer of cortex

Front 41

endodermal cells

Back 41

tightly packed cells that regulate the selective passage of water and minerals nto the vascular tissue, to reach the roots interior

Front 42

Casparian strip

Back 42

belt made of fatty tissue called SUBERIN

Front 43

suberin

Back 43

block the movement of water and minerals between endodermal cells

Front 44

spines

Back 44

leaves can be modified to form spines ,as in a cactus, this is a good adaptation for protection

Front 45

organs of angiosperms

Back 45

stamen, pistil, sepals, petals

Front 46

stamen

Back 46

male parts

Front 47

pistil

Back 47

female parts of angiosperm

Front 48

brightly colored petals attract

Back 48

pollinators

Front 49

Stamen consists of the

Back 49

anther and filament

Front 50

anther

Back 50

produces pollen grains

Front 51

filament

Back 51

thin stalk that holds up the anther

Front 52

pollen grains

Back 52

called microspores, are angiosperm's male gametophytes, or sperm cells.

Front 53

pistil has 3 structrues

Back 53

stigma, style, ovary

Front 54

stigma

Back 54

sticky portion of pistil that captures pollen grain in female angiosperm

Front 55

style

Back 55

tubelike structure that connects stigma with ovary in angiosperms

Front 56

ovules

Back 56

inside ovary, it contains female gametophytes. The ovary develops into fruits

Front 57

megaspores

Back 57

female gametes of plants. they undergo meiosis to produce 8 female nucleis, including one EGG NUCLEUS and 2 POLAR NUCLEI

Front 58

double fertilization

Back 58

pollen grain divides into 2 sperm and they enter the female angiosperm and both fertilize. 1 sperm fuses with zygote to form seed. other forms the ENDOSPERM

Overall, double fertilization produces FOOD and PLANT

Front 59

endosperm

Back 59

doesnt develop into a plant, it serves as food for plant embryo.

Front 60

cotyledons

Back 60

first embryo leaves to appear, they store nutrients

Front 61

epicotyl

Back 61

part at tip of plant, becomes stems and leaves

Front 62

hypocotyl

Back 62

stem below cotyledons

Front 63

radicle

Back 63

in some embryoes, root development begins early, and the well-defined embryonic root is called radicle

Front 64

plants flower in response to changes in amount of daylight and darkness (amount of uninterrupted darkness) this is called

Back 64

photoperiodism

Front 65

3 groups of plants with regard to photoperiodism

Back 65

short-day plants, long-day plants, day-neutral plants

Front 66

short-day plants

Back 66

require long period of darkness

Front 67

long-day plants

Back 67

flower in late spring and summer wen daylight is increasing

Front 68

day neutral plants

Back 68

dont flower in response to daylight changes at all, use changes in water or temperature insteas as cues.

Front 69

light receptor involved in photoperiodism

Back 69

phytochrome

Front 70

In short-day plants, the cytochrom_____ flowering, whereas in long-say plants it ____ flowering

Back 70

inhibits; induces

Front 71

vegetative propagation

Back 71

plants reproduce asexually, parts of plant ex. roots stems leaes can prodcue another plant

Front 72

other examples of plant parts that reproduce using vegetative propagation

Back 72

tubers, runners, bulbs

Front 73

Grafting

Back 73

another way plants reproduce asexually

Front 74

bulbs

Back 74

short stems underground ex. onions

Front 75

runners

Back 75

horizontal stems above ground ex. strawberries

Front 76

tubers

Back 76

underground stems ex. potatoes

Front 77

grafting

Back 77

cut a stem and attach it to a closely related plant ex. seedless oranges

Front 78

phototropism

Back 78

refers to how plants respond to sunlight. ex. plants always bend toward light

Front 79

gravitropism

Back 79

refers to how plants respond to gravity. Stems exhibit negative gravitropism (grow up) whereas roots exhibit positive gravitropism (grow downard into earth)

Front 80

tropism

Back 80

a turning response to a stimulus

Front 81

thigmotropism

Back 81

refers to how plants respond to tough. for ex. ivy grows around a post or trellis.

Front 82

tropism responses are initiated by

Back 82

hormones

Front 83

auxins

Back 83

major plant hormone class, serve many functions. Can promote growth on one side of plant, can make plant bend toward light in phototropism for ex.

Front 84

auxins are in the

Back 84

tip of the plant, because this is wehre most growth occurs. also involved in cell elongation and fruit deveopmenmt

Front 85

plant hormones other than auxin that reg the growth and development of plants

Back 85

gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylenes, abscisic acid

Front 86

gibberellins

Back 86

promote stem elongation, esp in dwarf plants

Front 87

cytokinins

Back 87

promote cell division and differention

Front 88

ethylene

Back 88

induces leaf abscission and promotes fruit ripening

Front 89

abscisic acid

Back 89

inhibts leaf abscission and promotes bud and seed dormancy

Front 90

auxins

Back 90

promotoe plant growth and phototropism