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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe factors in attentional capture and the different processing types.
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Attentional Capture
Attention is a little bit goal driven; what we are actively seeking or doing affects attention A stimulus that has a sudden onset, intense, unexpected in the situation Stimulus sharing features with target will more likely capture our attention Importance of stimulus features (bottom-up processing; stimulus driven) or expectations (top-down processing) is debated |
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What is selective attention?
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Selective Attention
Respond to a relevant stimulus and ignore a currently present irrelevant stimulus (counterbalanced to make difficult) e.g. Stroop effect |
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What is divided attention
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Divided Attention
Must divide attention over two or more concurrent tasks and participants show attentional limitations |
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What is attention in the language of cognitive psychology?
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Attention in the language of cognitive psychology is selecting what is relevant from sensory input and processing it for appropriate action
Refers to the prioritising of cognitive processes; organisation of these processes in line with our goals |
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what are the human limitations in attention?
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We don’t have infinite capacity and resources to process everything from our sensory input and thus need to filter through the information
We achieve efficiency and survive through prediction, practise and prioritising, since we can only make one decision at a time; doing more than one task at a time, will cause a deficit in efficiency Limitations are the by-products of the need to co-ordinate action and ensure that the correct stimulus information is controlling the intended responses Neumann: (avoid) the behavioural chaos that would result from an attempt to simultaneously preform all possible actions for which sufficient causes exist |
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What are some metaphor concepts in attention
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Called process; capacity; resources; demands and needs to work through structures; bottlenecks; gates; stores or boxes and arrows
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What are limitations and what does Neumann say they are important for order thoughts?
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Limitations are the by-products of the need to co-ordinate action and ensure that the correct stimulus information is controlling the intended responses
Neumann: (avoid) the behavioural chaos that would result from an attempt to simultaneously preform all possible actions for which sufficient causes exist |
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Why is sustatining attention important?
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Sustaining Attention
Is required to maintain attention in many tasks |
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What are the two type of control/processing in shifting attention?
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Shifting Attention
We must be flexible to shift attention when required Endogenous Control – voluntarily shifting attention directed by current goals (top-down processing) Exogenous Control – automatic response to an important stimulus (bottom-up processing) |
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Describe two types of Endogenous control examples: inattentional blindness and Change blindness.
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Endogenous Control – voluntarily shifting attention directed by current goals (top-down processing)
Inattentional Blindness is due to Endogenous control – missing changes that were not focused on (dancing gorilla) Change Blindness is when you’re attending to what you need to and missing a lot of peripheral information (interview confederate swap) |
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How is attention directed or focused?
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In visual search, shifts of attention are reflected in where the eyes move, but limited by ‘spotlight’ where attention is focused in visual space and is focused at the level of objects
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What role does awareness have in attention and what does this say about pre-conscious processing?
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Attention is considered the gateway to consciousness and awareness applies to what has been attended to, but important events can penetrate into awareness
This give evidence for pre-conscious processing (partial processing, dichotic listening) |
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In the visual search paradigm, what are the dependent variables commonly used?
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Response latency the primary DV and accuracy for a better DV for difficult and time pressured tasks
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What is Feature Integration theory?
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Feature Integration Theory – automatic processing of stimulus into elementary features (colour, shape); different modalities can pick up modality specific features without attending, but attention is required to bind features into an object
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What are the two different search processes outlined in feature integration theory?
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Two types of search processes
Preattentive (Parallel)– Rapid, automatic, unconscious; used when target item can be distinguished from its surroundings by 1 simple visual feature Focused (Serial) – Slower, requires attention; necessary when searching for objects defined by feature conjunctions; referred to as inefficient as you must search and make a decision one at a time |
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What is feature conjunctions?
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Feature Conjunctions – combinations of features shared amongst all other characters in display
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What is feature (disjunctive) search?
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(Feature (disjunctive) search): Pop-Out effect – target shows “pop-out” by having distinctive features that separate itself from the distractors (doesn’t have to be single feature)
Feature (disjunctive) search is fast and not affected by search size set |
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What is an exhaustive search?
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Exhaustive search – have to search all items it target is absent
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What are limitations of feature integration theory?w
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Limitations of Feature Integration Theory
Features don’t always pop out (change blindness scenes Sometimes configural patterns can override basic features Similarity of targets to distractors largely affected RTs Heterogeneity of Distractors (search is easier if distractors are similar to each other (shape, colour, orientation) |
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Outline exogenous and endogenous effect and processes in attention.
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Exogenous effects (bottom-up processing) can capture attention regardless of intentions (movements, looming stimulus, and increases in brightness) - Adaptively significant
Endogenous effects (top-down processing) typically drive attention by our intentions |
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What is spatial cueing and what is set feature capture?
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Spatial cueing – a cue of the location of the upcoming target
Set feature capture – is target is defined as red, then a red cue captures attention, even if it’s not predictive of the targets position (even bright highlights do not capture attention when it is set for red) |
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What are attentional control and working memory and how are the related?
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Attentional control – organising number of tasks (prioritising)
Working Memory – conscious work space These too as closely linked. When we attend to things, it becomes available for manipulation in our conscious work space |
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What is task switching?
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Task Switching – an executive control operation requiring witching between two tasks; there is generally a time lag and accuracy costs associated with switching
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What is a task set?
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ask set – preparation to preform one task rather than another
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How does switch costs occur and what are they?
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Switch costs arise in establishing the appropriate task set and disengaging an inappropriate set; of up to several hundred ms; even though task switches are regular and predictable
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Can switch costs be prevented if task is predictable?
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Rogers and Monsell paradigm
Letter of Digit task; had to respond R (vowel or odd respectively) or L (consonant or even respectively); tasks were alternated every second time (LLDDLLDDLLDD etc) Cost of switching between letter and digit tasks was large, even after practising; there was large improvements on day 2 and tasks were similar in performance |
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Can switch costs be reduced with practise and how does task difficulty affect costs?
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Practise and task difficulty effects
Practise - costs are reduced but not eliminated with practise of separate tasks and switching tasks Task Difficulty – switching to the easier/dominating task incurs the greater cost This shows that disengaging from the prior task is a major factor (stoop effect name word (difficult) /name colour |
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What is the importance of endogenous (mental preparation; task set) prior to the switched task, in terms of switch cost?
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Importance of endogenous (mental preparation; task set) prior to the switched task
Short cue to stimulus intervals led to a large switch cost, implicates active preparation for the next task; but there is always a residual cost since response selection needs the stimulus to be seen for beginning (exogenous effect – stimulus driven) |
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What are some theories in task switching?
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Disengagement theory
Endogenous and Exogenous factors Endogenous only |
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What is Disengagement theory in task switching?
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Disengagement theory: proactive interference from “task set inertia” (TSI)
TSI impairs adoption of alternative task set and decays after several minutes, but evidence supports active preparation |
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What is Endogenous and Exogenous factors theory in task switching?
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Endogenous and Exogenous factors:
Endogenous component (preparation) requires time and a residual cost is due to an exogenous component of task set that must be triggered by the arrival of a suitable stimulus (stimulus driven) |
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What is Endogenous only theory in task switching and is it supported?
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Endogenous only: (unsupported) the residual cost arises because participants don’t prepare adequately on every tril
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What is Automaticity?
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Automaticity – automatic actions; a lot of what we do does not need active control
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What is Kahneman’s capacity theory of practise effects in automaticity?
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Practise effects on control
Kahneman’s capacity theory – emphasise of the amount of resources rather than structural limits (over-learned tasks become automatic and require fewer resources to perform |
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In Shiffrin and Schneider experiment was were the variables?
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Two variables;
Size of memory set (2 or 4) and relationship between memory set Display item throughout trial block: Categorical (consistent mapping) and Mixed (varied mapping) |
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In Shiffrin and Schneider experiment what was the Categorical (consistent mapping) condition and what was the effect on memory size set in this condition?
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Categorical (consistent mapping) – the targets came from one set of letters and the distractors from another set (distractors and targets are set)
After practise there is no effect on memory size set in the categorical condition |
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In Shiffrin and Schneider experiment what was the Mixed (varied mapping) condition and could simple response rule learning be used?
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Mixed (varied mapping) – the targets and distractors came from one (larger) item set (an item could be a distractor and a target in another trial)
Cannot use simple response rule |
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Does having a larger memory set affect produce costs, even after practise?
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There is always a cost of having a larger memory set, even after much practise
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What are Automatic processes?
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Automatic Processes – without awareness; without conscious deliberation (obligatory); without expenditure of resources; fast; rigid/habitual – difficult not to do it
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What does Logan say about automaticity acquisition and practise?
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Logan – Automaticity is based on knowledge acquisition (not all-or-none) with separate memory traces for each encounter; and practise leads to storage about stimulus and how to respond to it
Automaticity is memory retrieval based on past solution |
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What are some problems with strict automaticity definition?
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Criteria for automaticity has problems
Even well practised tasks will display interference if stimuli and response are similar (dichotic listening) Mode of control – obligatory only when automatic processes are related to intended action (Stroop effect) |
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How do awareness and automaticity interact? Independently?
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Awareness and Automaticity – can have lack of awareness, but can have awareness of tasks that are highly routinized (the link with intention is lost, not unconscious action)
Automaticity depends on situation |
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How do attention and memory interact?
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Attention and Memory – what is attended to goes to Working memory
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What is working memory?
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Working memory (short term memory or primary memory) – the domain of conscious thought; involved in making decisions and initiating actions based on plans and in response to environmental input; involved in directing attention
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What is Baddley’s working memory model and what does it show?
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Baddley’s working memory model
Contents of consciousness are held in working memory and needs to be refreshed, otherwise it disappears; Information is displaced by new information Cognitive psychology considers short term memory the same as working memory and is responsible for perceiving, speaking and action The model shows limitations of working memory; also coding and modality effects |
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Describe basically, the components of Baddley’s working memory model?
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Central Executive controls slave systems:
Phonological Loop, Visuo-spatial Sketchpad, and Episodic Buffer (new and won’t be talked about) |
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What is the Central Executive?
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The Central Executive (CE) – not well understood and thought of as the homunculus controller; it an attentional control that is an interface between working memory ‘slave’ systems and long term memory
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What is the Central Executive responsible for?
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The CE is responsible for coordinating slave systems which are involved in: control of encoding and retrieval strategies (retrieval from LTM is automatic and doesn’t require CE); switching attention and mental manipulation of material held in slave systems
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What does random number/letter generation have to do with the central executive and what does pressure of concurrent demands do?
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Random number/letter generation require the CE and under pressure of concurrent demands, sequence become less random; this also interferes with only CE required tasks (reasoning, mental arithmetic etc.)
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What is the phonological loop?
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Phonological Loop – used for comprehension of oral and written language (back up only) and vocabulary learning
Maintain verbal, sequential information in a phonological (sound based) code Information decays after about 2 sec, unless maintained by rehearsal; unless articulatory rehearsal may be used to enter information into store (e.g phone numbers, digit span 7±2 |
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What are the two components of the phonological loop?
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Verbal store (inner ear)
ub vocal articulatory rehearsal process (inner voice) |
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What are the four key effect of the phonological loop?
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A: Phonological similarity effect
B: Irrelevant (unattended) speech effect C: Word length effect D: Concurrent articulation effect (articulatory suppression) |
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What is the A: Phonological similarity effect?
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A: Phonological similarity effect – confusions among phonologically similar items indicate use of phonological representations
Serial recall of phonological similar vs. dissimilar 5-item sequences presented auditory; control 82% correct sequence recall; similar 9.6% correct sequence recall |
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What is the B: Irrelevant (unattended) speech effect?
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B: Irrelevant (unattended) speech effect – obligatory access of speech-like input to phonological store; speech impairs serial verbal recall of visually presented material
Evolutionarily setup to process speech |
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What is the C: Word length effect ?
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C: Word length effect – Reflects the speed of sub vocal rehearsal and hence the rate of refresh of the memory trace
Immediate memory span declines with the spoken duration of the list items; short words 56% correct and long words 20% correct; Strong correlation between reading rate and recall Even controlled for forgetting during recall, the word length effect is still present |
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What is the D: Concurrent articulation effect (articulatory suppression) ?
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D: Concurrent articulation effect (articulatory suppression) – speaking repetitive prevents rehearsal due to speech apparatus using resources; adversely affects serial recall and abolishes word effect; eliminates sub vocal rehearsal and impairs phonological recoding of visual material
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What is the Visuo-spatial Sketchpad?
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Visuo-spatial Sketchpad
Visuo-spatial rather than verbal encoding of material Concurrent speech doesn’t affect visou-spatial encoding of shapes like it does verbal encoding Visuo-spatial code that supports imagery is comprised in visuo spatial memory |
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What are the two components of the Visuo-spatial Sketchpad?
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Visuo-spatial code that supports imagery is comprised in visuo spatial memory; consistent with imagery research the sketchpad is split into two components:
Visual cache stores visual patterns Inner-scribe (spatially based rehearsal) – doesn’t require visual input (imagined environments); blind can spatial rehearse Arm motor movements in retention disrupts memory for spatial patterns but not visual colours; and contrastingly visual interference tasks affect memory for colours bot not spatial patterns |
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What are important points/features about the Visuo-spatial Sketchpad?
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Separation between knowing what an object is and knowing where it is
Easier to match images when figures parts are where they should be Features: planning and execution of spatial tasks; manipulating visual images; track changes in visual perception; maintaining and coordinating movement; navigation |
