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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four levels of taste?
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Sweet, Sour, Salty, & Bitter
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Which taste is always found in the same place and where?
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Bitter, always in the back of the mouth.
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What is the function of
Gustatory neurons? |
To allow us to taste.
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What do chemicals need so you can taste them?
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To be mixed with water.
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What is the biggest way to lose sense of taste?
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Loss of smell. 80% of your taste is related to your sense of smell.
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Where is the location of the Oflactory nerve?
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In the Olfactory epithelium.
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Where does every sensation we have go first?
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To the temporal lobe.
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Do we have neurons in our tongue?
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Yes
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What causes us to tastes with regards to neurons?
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The amount of neurons firing off to tell us what we are tasting.
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Why do we have bitter receptors?
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To stop us from eating things that are bad for us... such as poison.
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What are the hairlike structures poking out on the surface of the tongue?
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THe dendrites on top and axons on the bottom.
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What are the neurons for taste called?
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Gustatory
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What are the dendrites on the surface of the tongue also known as?
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Gustatory hairs
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Why does smell have an impact on taste?
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Because the taste and smell neurons travel on the same pathway and if one is missing, then not as much info ets sent to the brain.
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Where are the nerves for smell located?
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In the Olfactory nerves.
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What is the reason all senses synapse in the temporal lobe?
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Because that is where emotions are and they are emotional responses.
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What is mucin?
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A protein to thicken water.
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If the nose is dry, what can occur?
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We can't taste well, loss of appetite.
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There are hundreds of neurons synapsing in the olfactory bulb. What is the name where this happens?
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The Glomeruli
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How many types of olfactory neurons are in the nose?
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1000
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Each of the olfactory nerves can preceive how many types of smell?
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one for every thousand
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Which sense is the number one sense in the human body?
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Vision
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What happens when the Neuron push on in the Retina?
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They begin to die.
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What kind of disease does a person have when their Neuron die in the Retina?
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Glaucoma.
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What do they do for Glaucoma?
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They drill a hole to allow drainage of the Aqueous humor.
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What holds the shape of the eye?
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The Vitreous humor.
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At what stage is the Vitreous humor made?
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In the fetal stage only.
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What is the most important job of the Vitreous humor?
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It holds the retina lay in place.
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What is it called when the Vitreous moves causing the retina to fall?
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A detatched retina.
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What does the muscles of the iris in the eye cause?
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Its pupil to get larger or smaller.
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When the pupil is larger what part of the nerve system is this?
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Sympathic.
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When the pupil is small, what part of the Nerve system is this?
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Parasympathic.
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When the light passes through the eye what is the first layer of nerons called?
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Ganglion cells.
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Does the Ganglion Cells interact with the light that passes through them?
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No.
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Can Ganglion cells be stimulated by light?
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No.
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When the light passes through the light to the second set of neurons they are called?
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Bipolar cells.
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Can Bipolar cells interact or be stimulated by light?
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No.
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What is Anosmia
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lacking sense of smell
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What is an uncinate fit?
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a halucination of smells.
Smell turkey instead of bleach. Smell crap instead of roast. |
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What does melanin do?
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It absorbs light.
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When light hits different pigment, what happens with regards to color?
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The light that bounces off and gives the color. Black absorbs the light while it bounces off white.
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The retina is where the neurons for what are located?
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Vision
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Inside the eye in the third layer (retina), when the light comes into the eye, it hits the neurons first and then does what?
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Goes into the pigment layer and becomes cemented and stays there.
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What are the layers of the eye?
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Sclera(outer), Choroid (middle), and Retina (inner).
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What pulls the lens back and forth?
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Ciliary muscles
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Suspensory ligaments do what to the lens of the eye?
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Hold the lens in upright position.
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When a person ages, what happens to the lens of the eye?
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It gets more layers on it, causing it to become less flexible, eventually causinf vision problems (close-up)
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What happenes when a lens becomes to thick? What is the diagnosis?
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Light bounces off the lens.
Cataracts. |
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What do we produce naturally to keep our eyes moist? How much is made daily?
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Aqueous humor.
1 teaspoon. |
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Where is the aqueous humor secreted?
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From the outter portion of the eye
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Where does the Aqueous humor drain? How much drains daily?
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Sclera Venous Sinus or the Canal of Schlemm. 1 teaspoon.
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What happens if the Sclera Venous Sinus cannot drain?
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The eye buldges; It pushes back on the lens, that pushes on the retina (which are neurons), killing neurons.
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Parasympathetic in regards to vision results in what?
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Constriction
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Sympathetic in regards to vision results in what?
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Dilation
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What colors do cones see?
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Blue, Red, Green, and Yellow.
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What colors do rods see?
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Shades of grey.
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When the light passes through the third set of neurons what are they called?
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Rods and Cones.
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When the light passes through the eye, can the Rods and Cones be stimulated or interact with the light?
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Yes.
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Why are the Rods and Cones called this?
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Because of their shape of their dendrites.
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When the Cones and Rods interact with light, what happens next?
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The light is absorbed in the pigmented layer and can't interact any longer.
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With regards to Cones and how they synapse with bipolar cell, what is the ratio?
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One to one.
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What is the ratio for synapse(how they look up) from bipolar cells to Ganglion cells?
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One to one.
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Rods and their synapse with bipolar cell, what is the ratio?
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Muliple.
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Why is the synapse from Rods to bipolar cells to Ganglion?
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Multiple.
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why is the synapse important with Rods and Cones?
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Because the one to one ratio gives a better picture.
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What percives the various colors; red, blue, green, yellow light?
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The Cones.
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What perceives the shades of gray?
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The Rods.
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When light has synapse with the Rods and Cones, what happens next?
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The information is passed to the bipolar cell, to the Ganglion cell axon group to become opyic nerve.
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Do the Rods and Cones ever have an action potiental?
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No, just a graded response.
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Do bipolar cells have an action potiental or a graded response?
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Graded Response.
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Do Ganglion cells have an action potiental or a graded response?
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Action potiental.
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Where is our blind spot located?
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Optic Disc.
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Why do we have a blind spot?
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Because there are no Rods or Cones to preserve light there.
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What is the place where the nerons and axons meet to form the optic nerve called?
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Optic Disc.
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What does E=mc2 mean?
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Energy = Mass X speed of light.
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How is it possible to harness/compress light?
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Because it has mass and weight.
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What are photons?
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Little packets of light that cause movement. Example:Lazer beam.
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When you alter the mass or weight of light, what does it cause?
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More or less energy.
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How fast do electrons travel?
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Faster than the speed of light.
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How do the packets of light travel?
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In waves.
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What is it called from the peek of the wave to the through of the wave with regards to how tall the wave is?
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The Amplitude.
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How is the distance in sound or light wave measured?
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In nanometers.
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When you measure the length from peek to peek, what is it called?
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A wave length.
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What does the distance between the waves stimulate?
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Certain Cones for color. Example: 430 energy stimulates blue Cones.
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What does the distance between the waves cause?
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A certain amount of energy that stimulates certain Cones.
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If the distance of the wave is closer together, what does this cause?
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A greater amount of energy.
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What stimulates Cones for certain colors?
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Wave lengths.
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What happens when multiple wave lengths come in?
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I can see more thant just the primary colors. Example: Purple.
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The Cornea and the lens do what to light?
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They bend the light.
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With regards to shape, what shape is needed to allow light to go straight through?
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Convex.
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What shape bends light in what directions?
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Concave.
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The Cornea bends light in what directions?
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Inward and straight.
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When the light is bent what does it cause?
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The image to be upside down and smaller.
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Where do we have the greatest amount of Cones?
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Fovea Centralis.
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In periphrial vision, the outer area is what?
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Rods.
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What does the brain do to the image after it inters and is upside down?
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The brain inlarges it and makes it right side up.
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What is an emmetropia eye?
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A normal eye.
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The way the retina and the lens bends the light should be enough to get it back to what?
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The Phobia Centralis.
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If your eye is too long or too short, what happened?
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The eye sees out of focus.
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