1-The Cell

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AIM

Back 1

Identify the types of cell sin the body
Identify the structures contained in the cells
Understand the functions of the cell structures
Understand the terms;
Osmosis
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Endocytosis
Homeostasis

Front 2

Cel Introduction

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Trillions of cells in the body
The structural “building blocks” of all plants and animals
Cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells
Cells form all the structures in the body
Cells perform all vital functions of the body
There are two types of cells in the body:
Sex cells
Somatic cells
Cytology - Study of Cells

Front 3

Cell Anatomy
The cell consists of:

Back 3

Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Organelles

Cell membrane

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Anatomical structures of the cell

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Organelles
Nonmembranous organelles
Membranous organelles

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Membranous organelles

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Mitochondria
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes

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Nonmembranous organelles

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Cytoskeleton
Microvilli
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Ribosomes

Front 7

Cell Membrane (Plasmalemma/Phospholipid Bi Layer)
A cell membrane composed of:

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Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Protein
Cholesterol

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Diffusion

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Diffusion is the net passive movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. It continues until the concentration of substances is uniform throughout.

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Osmosis

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Osmosis is the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane driven by a difference in solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane.

A selectively permiable membrane is one that allows unrestricted passage of water, but not solute molecules or ions.
Osmosis is the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane driven by a difference in solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane.

A selectively permiable membrane is one that allows unrestricted passage of water, but not solute molecules or ions.

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Facilitated Diffusion

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This is the movement of specific molecules down a concentration gradient, passing through the membrane via a specific carrier protein. Each carrier has its own shape and only allows one molecule (or one group of closely related molecules) to pass through.
Selection is by size; shape; charge.

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Membrane permeability of the Cell
Active processes

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Uses enzymes and carrier proteins
Ion pumps use energy to transport charged particles such as Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+
An ion pump that moves two ions simultaneously in opposite directions is called an exchange pump.

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Endocytosis

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Phagocytosis: “cell eating”
Pinocytosis: “cell drinking”
Receptor-mediated endocytosis:
Ligands will bind specific molecules to the receptors thereby allowing only specific molecules to enter the cell

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Homeostasis (from Greek: hómoios, "similar", and, stásis, “standing still”)

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is the property of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, relatively constant condition of properties such as temperature or pH.

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PH VALUES

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Gastric Acid = 1
Lysosomes = 4.5
Granules of chromatin Cells, Skin, Urine = 5.5
Water at 37c = 6.81
Cytosol = 7.2
CSF & Mitochondrial matrix = 7.5
Blood = 7.34 - 7.45
Pancreas 8.1

Front 15

Transport methods in and out of the cell can be done in what two ways?

Back 15

Passive or active transport

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Passive transport has ____ types with it and are ____,_____,_____,_____

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four, DIffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis, and Filtration

Front 17

All passive transport moves ____ the gradient with ____ energy; area of ____ to _____

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down, no extra. high to low

Front 18

Diffusion is the process of moving ____ of the cell from a ____ to ____ concentrate area; constantly in motion

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out, high to low

Front 19

Faciliated diffusion is what?

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Helped diffusion of a substance across the membrane by a carrier protein

Front 20

Since proteins are not solublem, they can not cross the tail, another carrier of facilitated diffisuion is the ____ or the ____ if it is basing the substance by charge

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pore, gated channel/ion channel

Front 21

A gated channel/ion are the ____ cells which have a current across the membrane they are either anim (- charge) or Catim (+charge)

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excitable cells, the muscles make them move.

Front 22

Osmosis is what?

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The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane

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In Osmosis what force pulls water across the membrane and where is it most located?

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The osmotic pressure, the side with greater concentration has more pressure

Front 24

Osmosis is concerned with _____ NOT volume and goes where?

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concentration, goes to the area with less watcr; doesn't matter about the number of solutes

Front 25

What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

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A solute is dissolved, solvents do the dissolving

Front 26

What is filtration?

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Diffusion where small solutes are pushed across the membrane with force

Front 27

Why is filtration considered passive if it is being forced?

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It is not expending any energy

Front 28

What are the three solutions of the cell membrane?

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Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic

Front 29

What is the difference between Iso-, Hypo-, and Hyper- tonic solutions?

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Hypertonic has more solutes so the water leaves the cell because of osmotic pressure, Hypo has less osmotic pressure so water moves into the cell, Iso has equal amounts of solute and no osmotic pressure (moves free)

Front 30

What are the three types of Active transport?

Back 30

Active transport pumps, Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Front 31

Active transport pumps require ____ to move ____ the gradient from ____ to ____?

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ATP, against, low to high

Front 32

In active transportation why is energy needed?

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Because the cell is trying to move substances into an area with high concentration

Front 33

What is one Active Transport Pump?

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The Sodium Potassium Pump

Front 34

What are the first step of the Sodium Potassium Pump?

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3 Sodium go into the channel

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What is the second step of the Sodium Potassium Pump?

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ADP is then added which breaks the two bonds and creates energy, which turns into ADP+Pi and leads to cell respiration ATP

Front 36

What is the rest of the process after step 2 in the sodium potassium pump?

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The channel opens, 4 NA^2 leaves which opens the outside, closing the inside and 2 K+ enter and move in which then close the outside and open the inside

Front 37

With the Sodium Potassium Pump what ALWAYS happens?

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3 sodium leave and 2 potassium protein come in

Front 38

What is Endocytosis?

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The intake of liquid and food when it is too large to move across the membrane

Front 39

What does Endocytosis need?

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It is active to it needs ATP

Front 40

The three types of endocytosis are what?

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Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor mediated endocytosis

Front 41

What is the difference between Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis?

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Phago is for solids, Pino is for water/liquids and receptor mediated uses receptor for a substance to bind to the cell surface to enter

Front 42

Receptor mediated endicytosis' traits are?

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lock and key fit, binds specifically and brings in specific things

Front 43

Exocytosis is what?

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Active transport OUT of the cell. The membrane surrounds a substance and forms a vesicle around it moving it to the cell membrane and then attaching the vesicle and shooting the substance out

Front 44

What is exocytosis used for?

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Waste and immunity, granules need to be released to kill bad things

Front 45

Five steps of Exocytosis are

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1. Binds, 2. Signals the Golgi, 3. Packages and buds, 4. Moves, 5. Exocytosis

Front 46

Exocytosis is what for binding?

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Signal mediated to bind specifically and causes signal transductions which sends signals to the Golgi to package and process so the vessicle can bud and goto a new spot where it will fuse and release contents

Front 47

For the sodium pump, the sodium goes ____, ____ sodium comes in (trick question!!!)

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sodium goes out, NO sodium comes in

Front 48

Phagocytosis is the process where

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the membrane goes out to engulf.... basically it is brought in by being swallowed

Front 49

Pinocytosis is brought in how?

Back 49

By a vesicle

Front 50

Receptor mediated endocytosis must have what

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Has to be coated with Clathrin

Front 51

What are the steps of receptor mediated exocytosis?

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1. Binding occurs 2. Signal to the Golgi 3. The Golgi Packages and buds the vesicle to be directed to a new spot 4. It moves to the cell membrane and fuses 5. Exocytosis occurs emptying the vesicle

Front 52

The signal mediated process of the receptor mediated exocytosis is when?

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an extracellular molecule activates a membrane receptor which causes signal transuction, it occurs when they bind

Front 53

The receptor mediated exocytosis is continuous because it is ______ so it will always be ____ and _____

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extracellular, made, released

Front 54

Altogether there are ____ types of active tranport in and out of cells

Back 54

five

Front 55

What are the five active types of transport?

Back 55

Active transport pump, two types of endocytosis which is phagocytosis, pinocytosis and two types of exocytosis which are receptor mediated and signal mediated

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nil