Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
anatomical location of hypothalamus
|
brain
|
|
|
anatomical location of pituitary gland
|
brain
|
|
|
anatomical location of pineal gland
|
brain
|
|
|
anatomical location of thyroid gland
|
throat
|
|
|
anatomical location of parathyroid gland
|
throat
|
|
|
anatomical location of thymus
|
slightly below thyroid gland
|
|
|
anatomical location of adrenal glands
|
on kidneys
|
|
|
anatomical location of pancreas
|
abdomen
|
|
|
stimulating hormone of adrenal cortex
|
adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
|
|
|
what are hormones from adrenal cortex called
|
adrenocorticical steroids or corticosteroids
|
|
|
what are adrenal cortical hormones bound to in the bloodstream
|
transcortins
|
|
|
mechanism of action of corticosteroids
|
gene transcription effects
|
|
|
3 types of adrenal cortical hormones
|
1. mineralocorticoids
2. cortical sex hormones 3. glucocorticoids |
|
|
2 examples of glucocorticoids
|
cortisol
cortisone |
|
|
effects of glucocorticoids
|
raise blood glucose by
1. promoting protein breakdown 2. decreasing protein synthesis 3. promoting gluconeogenesis 4. release FA from adipose tissue |
|
|
gluconeogenesis
|
production of glucose from non-carb substrates
|
|
|
example of mineralocorticoid
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
role of mineralocorticoids
|
cause active reabsorption of Na
water follows blood volume and bp increase |
|
|
what stimulates mineralocorticoids
|
ang 2
|
|
|
what inhibits mineralocorticoids
|
atrial natriuretic peptide
|
|
|
another hormone that is involved in bp reg (where is it from and what does it do)
|
antidiuretic hormone
from posterior pituitary promotes water reabsorption in collecting duct |
|
|
the renin-angiotensin system
|
blood volume falls
kidneys produce renin renin converts angiotensinogen to Ang I Ang 1 gets converted to ang 2 by ang converted enzyme in the lungs ang 2 stimulates adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone aldosterone increases Na reabsorption at the kidneys |
|
|
cortical sex hormones - AKA
|
androgen
|
|
|
what are androgens
|
male sex hormones
|
|
|
effects in males (androgens)
|
already have lots of androgen so limited effect
|
|
|
effect in females (androgens)
|
when too much is present, masculinizing effects may result
|
|
|
hormones of the adrenal medulla
|
epinephrine
NE |
|
|
effects of adrenal Medulla hormones
|
fight or flight
|
|
|
where do adrenal medulla hormones cause bloodflow increase
|
skeletal muscle
heart brain |
|
|
where do adrenal medulla hormones cause bloodflo decrease
|
skin
kidney digestive tract |
|
|
what causes release of NE and Epi in the nervous system
|
stimulation of postganglionic sympathetic fibres by preganglionic sympathetic fubres
|
|
|
pituitary gland AKA
|
hypophysis
|
|
|
anterior pituitary AKA
|
adenohypophysis
|
|
|
posterior pituitary AKA
|
neurohypophysis
|
|
|
what connects the pituitary and the hypothalamus
|
cord called infundibulum
|
|
|
2 main types of hormones produced by anterior pituitary
|
direct (directly stimulate target organs)
indirect (cause release of other hormones) |
|
|
direct hormones of the anterior pituitary
|
growth hormone
prolactin endorphins |
|
|
role of prolactin
|
milk production and secretion
|
|
|
GH AKA
|
somatotropin
|
|
|
role of GH
|
promotes bone and muscle growth
promotes protein synthesis promotes lipid breakdown |
|
|
overproduction of GH in children
|
gigantism
|
|
|
underproduction of GH in children
|
dwarfism
|
|
|
overproduction of GH in adults
|
acromegaly
|
|
|
what happens in acromegaly
|
disproportionate overgrowth of bone in skull, jaw, feet, hands
|
|
|
role of endorphines
|
NTs with pain relieving properties
|
|
|
general term for hormones that stimulate other glands to produce hormones
|
tropic hormones
|
|
|
list of anterior pituitary tropic hormones (5)
|
1. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
2. thyroid stimulating hormone 3. luteinizing hormone 4. follicle stimulating hormone 5. melanocyte stimulating hormone |
|
|
what stimulates ACTH
|
CRF (corticotropin releasing factor)
|
|
|
role of luteinizing hormone in women
|
stimulate ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
stimulates progesterone synthesis |
|
|
role of LH in men
|
stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules and sperm production
|
|
|
what does posterior pituitary do
|
stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus
|
|
|
how is secretion of stuff in the posterior pituitary stimulated
|
neural stimulation from hypothalamus
|
|
|
which hormones are stored in posterior pituitary
|
oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
|
role of oxytocin
|
uterine contractions
milk secretion |
|
|
antidiuretic hormone AKA
|
vasopressin
|
|
|
what antidiuretic hormone does
|
increases permeability of collecting duct to water
|
|
|
what stimulates release of ADH
|
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect increase in plasma osmolality
baroreceptors in the circulatory system detect blood volume decrease |
|
|
special thing about relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary
|
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
|
|
|
role of thyroid hormones in children
|
growth
|
|
|
role of thyroid hormones in adults
|
metabolic stability
|
|
|
t4=
|
thyroxine
|
|
|
T3=
|
triiodothyronine
|
|
|
which thyroid hormone is more potent
|
T3
|
|
|
thyroid hormones are highly protein bound/not very protein bound
|
highly
|
|
|
what interconversion occurs with the thyroid hormones
|
T4 -> T3 by 5' monodeiodase
this occurs in the peripheral tissues |
|
|
how are T3 and T4 produced
|
iodination of amino acid tyrosin
|
|
|
symptoms of hypothyroidism
|
slow HR
slow RR fatigue cold intolerance weight gin |
|
|
symptoms of hyperthyroidism
|
increased metabolic rate
feelings of excessive warmth profuse sweating weight loss palpitations protruding eyes |
|
|
cretinism
|
hypothyroidism in newborn infants
short stature retardation |
|
|
what happens to the gland size in thyroid conditions
|
enlarges in both conditions
|
|
|
another thyroid hormone
|
calcitonin
|
|
|
what calcintonin does
|
inhibits Ca release from blood
keeps blood Ca low |
|
|
what does parathyroid hormone do
|
keep blood Ca high by breaking down bone
|
|
|
what does exocrine mean
|
secretes hormones to some external environment by way of a duct
|
|
|
endocrine
|
secretes hormones into the bloodstream without using a duct
|
|
|
part of pancreas that is endocrine
|
islets of Langerhans
|
|
|
what do alpha cells produce
|
glucagon
|
|
|
what do beta cells produce
|
insulin
|
|
|
role of glucagon
|
increase of blood glucose levels
|
|
|
role of insulin
|
reduction of blood glucose
|
|
|
Type 1 vs. Type 2 - which is more prevalent
|
2
|
|
|
Type 1 vs. Type 2 - pathogenesis
|
Type 1 = autoimmune
type 2 = resistance |
|
|
Type 1 vs. Type 2 - heritability
|
higher for type 2
|
|
|
what parathyroid hormone does
|
breaks down bone to get more Ca in the blood
stimulates phosphate excretion by the kidneys since phosphate comes out when you break down bone minerals |
|
|
what kidneys do when blood volume falls
|
produce renin
|
|
|
what else do kidneys produce
|
erythropoietin (EPO)
|
|
|
what does EPO do
|
stimulated RBC production
|
|
|
ingested food stimulates the stomach to produce
|
gastrin
|
|
|
what does gastrin do
|
stimulate glands to produce HCl for digestion
|
|
|
what happens when there is acidic food in the small intesinte
|
secretin is released to the pancreas
|
|
|
effects of secretin
|
stimulates secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas
|
|
|
what happens when there are fats in the small intestine
|
cholecystokinin is released from the small intestine
|
|
|
what does cholecystokinin do
|
causes galbladder to release bile
|
|
|
what does the pineal gland do
|
secretes melatonin
|
|
|
what does melatonin do
|
role in circadian rhythms
|
|
|
what regulates melatonin
|
light and dark cycles
|
|
|
how do peptide hormones produce effects
|
binding to extracellular receptors
|
|
|
how do steroid hormones produce effects
|
binding to intracellular receptors
|
|
|
role of auxins (plant hormone)
|
responsible for phototropism (bending of plant toward light soruce)
|
|
|
what is bending of plants toward light source called
|
phototropism
|
