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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
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CAPVT XXXII Formation and Comparison of Adverbs; Volo, Malo, Nolo; Proviso Clauses
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FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS: Positive Degree 1st and 2nd declension:
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Add -e to the base:
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far
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longe
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freely
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libere
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beautifully
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pulchre
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FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS: Positive Degree 3rd declension:
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add -iter to the base; -er if the base ends in -nt- only:
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bravely
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fortiter
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keenly
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celeriter
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quickly
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acriter
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happily
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feliciter
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wisely
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sapienter
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Comparative Degree: more/rather diligently
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diligentius. The comparative degree of adverbs is with few exceptions identical to the -ius form which you have already learned as the neuter of the comparative degree of the adjective
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Superlative Degree: most/very pleasantly
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iucundissime. Normally derived from the superlative degree of adjectives, regularly ends in -e according to the rule given above for converting adjectives of the first and the second declensions into adverbs
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Quam is used with adverbs in the same ways as with adjectives: this boy ran more quickly than that one
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hic puer celerius cucurrit quam ille
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that girl ran as quickly as possible
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illa puella quam celerrime cucurrit
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Comparison of Irregular Adverbs
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follows the irregularities of the adjective but has adverbial endings.
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well, better, best
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bene, melius, optime
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easily, more easily, most easily
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facile, facilius, facillime
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beautifully, more beautifully, most beautifully
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pulchre, pulchrius, pulcherrime
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quickly, more quickly, most quickly
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celeriter, celerius, celerrime
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badly, worst, worse
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male, peius, pessime
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much, more (quantity), most (very much)
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multum, plus, plurimum
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greatly, more (quality), most (especially)
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magnopere, magis, maxime
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little (not very much), less, least
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parum, minimus, minime
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before (earlier), first (at first); in the first place
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prius, primo; primum
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"as soon as possible"
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quam primum
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for a long time, longer, very long
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diu, diutius, diutissime
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to wish:
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volo, velle, volui,
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to wish: present indicative active
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volo, vis, vult, volumus, vultis, volunt
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to wish: imperfect indicative active
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volebam, volebas, volebat, volebamus, volebatis, volebant
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to wish: future indicative active
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volam, voles, volet, volemus, voletis, volent
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to wish: no passive forms
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to wish: perfect indicative active
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volui, voluisti, voluit, voluimus, voluistis, voluerunt
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to wish: pluperfect indicative active
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volueram, volueras, voluerat, volueramus, volueratis, voluerant
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to wish: future perfect active
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voluero, volueris, voluerit, voluerimus, volueritis, voluerint
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to wish: present subjunctive active
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velim, velis, velit, velimus, velitis, velint
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to wish: imperfect subjunctive active
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vellem, velles, vellet, vellemus, velletis, vellent
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to wish: perfect subjunctive active
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voluerim, volueris, voluerit, voluerimus, volueritis, voluerint
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to wish: pluperfect subjunctive active
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voluissem, voluisses, voluisset, voluissemus, voluissetis, voluissent
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to wish: present and perfect infinitive
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velle, voluisse
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not to wish, to be unwilling
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nolo, nolle, nolui
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not to wish: present indicative active
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nolo, non vis, non vult, nolumus, non vultis, nolunt
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not to wish: present subjunctive active
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nolim, nolis, nolit, nolimus, nolitis, nolint
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not to wish: 3rd person sing. synopsis (no passive)
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indicative: non vult, nolebat, nolet, noluit, noluerat, noluerit; subjunctive: nolit, nollet, - , noluerit, noluisset, -
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not to wish: imperative
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noli, nolite
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Nolo and Negative Commands
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nolo has singular and plural imperatives used with complementary infinitives to express NEGATIVE COMMANDS:
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Do not remain, Catiline!
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Noli manere, Catilina!
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Do not leave, my friends!
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Nolite discedere, amici mei!
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to want (something) more or instead, prefer:
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malo, malle, malui
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to prefer: present inticative active
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malo, mavis, mavunt, malumus, mavultis, malunt
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to prefer: present subjunctive active
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malim, malis, malit, malimus, malitis, malint
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to prefer: 3rd person sing. synopsis (no passive)
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indicative: mavult, malebat, malet, maluit, maluerat, maluerit; subjunctive: malit, malet, - , maluerit, maluisset, -
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PROVISO CLAUSES
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to express a provisional circumstance or "proviso" the subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause introduced by dummodo, (provided that, so long as); ne is used as the negative in such clauses. The verb in such clauses is simply translated as an indicative:
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I shall not be afraid, provided that you remain here.
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Non timebo, dummodo hic remaneas
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We shall be happy, so long as (provided that) you do not leave.
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Erimus felices, dummodo ne discedas
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CAPVT XXXIII Conditional Sentences
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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
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CONDITIONS are among the most common sentence types (others being DECLARATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, and EXCLAMATORY) and consist of two clauses:
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(1) the condition or
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PROTASIS, a subordinate clause usually introduced by si, i f , or nisi, if not or unless, and stating a hypothetical action or circumstance, and
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(2) the conclusion or
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APODOSIS (Greek for "outcome" or "result"), the main clause, which expresses the anticipated outcome if the premise turns out to be true.
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While all conditional sentences, by their very nature, describe actions in the past, present, or future that are to one extent or another
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hypothetical, the INDICATIVE was employed in those where the condition was more likely to be realized, the SUBJUNCTIVE in those where the premise was either less likely to be realized or where both the condition and the conclusion were absolutely contrary to the actual facts of a situation.
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1. SIMPLE FACT PRESENT: If he is doing this [and it is quite possible that he is], he is wise.
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Si id facit, prudens est. Present indicative in both clauses; translate verbs as present indicatives.
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2. SIMPLE FACT PAST: If he did this [and quite possibly he did], he was wise.
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Si id fecit, prudens fuit. Past tense (perfect or imperfect) indicative in both clauses; translate verbs as past indicatives.
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3. SIMPLE FACT FUTURE (sometimes called FUTURE MORE VIVID): If he does (will do) this [and quite possibly he will], he will be wise.
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Si id faciet, prudens erit. Future indicative in both clauses; translate the verb in the protasis as a present tense (here English "if" + the present has a future sense), the verb in the apodosis as a future. (Occasionally the future perfect is used, in either or both clauses, with virtually the same sense as the simple future: see S.A. 8 and "B.Y.O.B." line 3, p. 277.)
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Subjunctive Conditions
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describe circumstances that are either, in the case of the "future less vivid," somewhat less likely to be realized or less vividly imagined or, in the case of the two "contrary to fact" types, opposite to what actually is happening or has happened in the past.
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1. CONTRARY TO FACT PRESENT: If he were doing this [but in fact he is not], he would be wise [but he is not].
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Si id faceret, prudens esset. Imperfect subjunctive in both clauses; translate with auxiliaries were (... ing) and would (be).
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2. CONTRARY TO FACT PAST: If he had done this [but he did not], he would have been wise [but he was not].
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Si id fecisset, prudens fuisset. Pluperfect subjunctive in both clauses; translate with auxiliaries had and would have
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3. FUTURE LESS VIVID (sometimes called SHOULD-WOULD): If he should do this [and he may, or he may not], he would be wise.
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Si id faciat, prudens sit. Present subjunctive in both clauses; translate with auxiliaries should and would.
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Si hoc dicet, errabit.
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If he says this, he will be wrong.
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Si hoc dicit, errat.
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If he says this, he is wrong.
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Si hoc dixisset, erravisset.
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If he had said this, he would have been wrong.
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Si hoc dicat, erret.
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If he should say this, he would be wrong.
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Si hoc dixit, erravit.
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If he said this, he was wrong.
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Si hoc diceret, erraret.
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If he were saying this, he would be wrong.
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Si veniat, hoc videat.
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If he should come, he would see this.
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Si venit, hoc vidit.
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If he came, he saw this.
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Si veniret, hoc videret.
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If he were coming, he would see this.
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Si veniet, hoc videbit.
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If he comes, he will see this.
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Si venisset, hoc vidisset.
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If he had come, he would have seen this.
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