Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are 5 clinical features of inflammation?
|
Tumor swelling
Rubor redness Calor heat Dolor pain Functio laesa loss of function |
|
|
What are the 4 phases in the biological sequence of inflammatory events?
|
1. Vascular
2. Cellular 3. Neutralization 4. Resolution |
|
|
What 3 things happen in the vascular phase of inflammation?
|
1. Injury
2. Vasodilation/permeability 3. Chemical mediator release |
|
|
What happens physiologically when injury occurs?
|
a TRANSIENT vasoconstriction
|
|
|
What happens right after the transient vasoconstriction? Why?
|
Vasodilation/permeability increase allows antimicrobial chemicals and cells to extravasate into tissue.
|
|
|
What 5 chemical mediators appear during the vascular phase?
|
1. Histamine/serotonin
2. Complement - C3 3. Kallekrein-kinin system 4. Coag system products 5. Arachidonic aa. metabolites |
|
|
What is the purpose of histamine/serotonin?
|
They initially cause vasodilation and increased permeability of vasculature.
|
|
|
What 2 things do Complement chemical mediators do?
What are their specific names? |
1. Anaphylatoxins - C3a/C5a; stimulate release of more histamine & smooth muscle contraction.
2. Opsonins - C3b/C5b; enhance phagocytosis. |
|
|
What does the coag system do in the vascular phase?
|
Increases permeability
|
|
|
What 2 arachidonic acid metabolites are produced, and what do they do?
|
1. Prostaglandins - stimulate smooth muscle contraction
2. Leukotrienes - same as above, and increase vasoperm/dilation, allow for chemotaxis of PMNs/eosinophils |
|
|
What happens to cells in the Cellular Phase of inflammation?
|
1. RBCs undergo stasis and rouleaux, to the middle of vessels.
2. WBCs move to vessel periph. |
|
|
What 3 things specifically do WBCs do during cellular phase?
|
1. Margination/pavementing - move to vessel edges.
2. Diapedesis - move through endothelial cells. 3. Chemotaxis - go to injury site. |
|
|
After cellular movement, what 3 things finally happen in the cellular phase?
|
1. Transudation of plasma from vessels to tissue.
2. Exudation of plasma and WBCs, creating PUS. 3. Consolidation - fibrin clots form and isolate injury. |
|
|
What happens after the cellular phase of inflammation? How?
|
-Neutralization of noxious stimuli.
-PMNs and Macrophages |
|
|
What four things do Macrophages do in the neutralization phase?
|
1. Phagocytize noxious stimuli.
2. Clear debris with Collagenase and Elastase. 3. Release cytokines 4. Produce angiogenic factors. |
|
|
what do angiogenic factors do?
|
create new blood vessels.
|
|
|
What three things happen in the resolution phase of inflammation?
|
1. Fibroblasts proliferate to neutralize mediators.
2. Fibrin clots dissolve 3. Tissue regenerates. |
|
|
What is the differense between Acute and chronic inflammation re: tissue regeneration?
|
Acute: complete regeneration
Chronic: scarring, abcesses, and granulomas often remain. |
|
|
What are 5 systemic manifestations of inflammation?
|
1. Protein/lipid catabolism
2. Hormonal changes 3. Fever 4. Neutrophilia, lymphopenia 5. Serum proteins altered. |
|
|
What 4 alterations occur to serum proteins?
|
1. Gammaglobulins increase
2. Cytokines release esp IL6 3. ESR increases 4. APRs are altered |
|
|
What is the ESR and what is the ref range in males/females?
|
the Distance that RBCs fall in 1 hour. Incrs with more protein.
Male: 0-9 mm/hr Fmle: 0-15 mm/hr |
|
|
What are 6 acute phase reactants?
|
1. C-reactive protein CRP
2. Serum amyloid A SAA 3. a-1 proteinase inhibitor 4. Haptoglobin 5. Fibrinogen 6. C3 |
|
|
What are the 2 negative APRs?
|
Transferrin
Albumin |
|
|
What 2 APRs are most increased in inflammation?
|
CRP and SAA
|
|
|
What are 3 test methods for CRP detection?
|
1. Nephelometric
2. Flourescence 3. Latex agglutination |
|
|
What is CRP's role in inflammation? (3 things)
|
1. Activates complement cascade.
2. Activates macrophages 3. Binds PMNs to promote phagocytosis. |
|
|
On a curve of protein versus time, how does CRP compare to other APRs?
|
Rises very fast and falls quickly, to a much greater extent than any other.
SAA is similar. |
|
|
What is the reference range for CRP?
|
</= 1 mg/dl
</= 10 mg/L |
|
|
What are 6 clinical uses for measuring CRP?
|
1. Determines inflam. extent
2. Predicts graft rejection 3. Monitor cancer metasthesis 4. Post-surgical monitoring 5. Depth of burn determinatn 6. Monitor/predict MI |
|
|
What is the difference between CRP and hsCRP?
|
-CRP normally measures inflammation, and is greatly increased above 1 mg/dl.
-hsCRP is used to measure very low levels of CRP to predict heart disease. |
|
|
How, specifially does hsCRP predict myocardial infarct risk?
|
<1 mg/L is LOW RISK
1-3 mg/L is AVG risk >3 mg/L is HIGH risk |
