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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phospholipids
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substance of which cell walls are made, fat.
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Hypertonic solution
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highly concentrated fluid, low water concentration
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Passive Transport
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No energy input, water and tiny uncharged particles pass through plasma membrane.
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Osmosis
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water passively flows across a membrane, from high water concentration to low water concentration.
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Active Transport
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Requires energy to move large substance membranes, or to move against a diffusion gradient. Protein carriers use energy in the form of ATP to pump charged ions and macromolecules like proteins across membrane.
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Plasma Membrane
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Fluid-mosaic of phospholipids.
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Endocytosis and Exocytosis
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Entering and exiting a cell. Cells fold plasma membrane and engulf really large substances.
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Phagocytosis
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When white blood cells engulf entire cells of bacteria and viruses.
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Prokaryote
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Type of cell with no nucleus and disorganized DNA. Found in bacteria, almost always microscopic.
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Eukaryote
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Cells in plants, animals and fungi. Nucleus and organized DNA.
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Organelles
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parts that 'float' in the cytoplasm of a cell, each with its own function
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Cytoplasm
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liquid in a cell
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Nucleus
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Contains instructions needed by a cell
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Chromosomes
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Made of DNA and proteins, protected from enzymes in the cytoplasm by nuclear envelope.
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Steps in production of a substance within a cell
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DNA transcription
Translation (ribosomes) Transporting/Storing (Endoplasmic Reticulum) Packaging (Golgi bodies) Vesicles |
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DNA transcription
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DNA unwinds and polymerase enzyme causes the double strand to 'unzip', and DNA code is copied by a strand of RNA and is exported from nucleus as mRNA (messenger RNA).
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Translation
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mRNA is 'translated' by the ribosomes (rRNA). As it is translated, ribosomes bond together amino acids to make final product from mRNA 'recipe'.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Place where some products of ribosomes are stored and some are transported.
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Golgi bodies/apparatus
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Packaging site. Prepares final product from ER to be exported from cell.
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Vesicles
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Membranes in which possibly caustic final product is contained while it flows from the Golgi to the cell membrane.
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Cellular Respiration
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A reaction that breaks apart glucose into ATP.
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ATP
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Adenosine triphosphate, high powered molecule cells can use.
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Glycolysis
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"Splitting Sugar". Glucose is split into 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP are released. Acetyl CoA is formed from pyruvates to prepare for the next reaction.
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Qualities of Aerobic Respiration
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36 ATP per glucose
Efficient Few toxins Conserves energy |
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Steps in Aerobic Respiration
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Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain |
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Krebs Cycle
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Acetyl CoA flows into mitochondria, causing a series of redox reactions. 2 ATP are released.
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Electron Transport Chain
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Electrons and H+ flow down an energy gradient. ATP forms from ADP. Oxygen bonds with H+, forming water. 32 ATP are released.
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Steps in Fermentation
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Glycolysis
Fermentation |
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Alcohol Fermentation (use, produce, and waste)
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Used by yeast and plants. Produces 2 ATP. Ethanol, CO2, and heat are released as waste products.
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Lactate fermentation
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Used by humans, animals, many bacteria. Lactate (lactic acid), carbon dioxide, and heat are released as waste products.
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Fermentation
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Alternate energy pathway when oxygen is not available for aerobic respiration.
2 ATP per glucose Wasteful Toxins produced Lifesaving |
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Diffusion Gradient
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Movement from high to low concentration, as in osmosis
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