1 Chapter Nbeo

Front 1

Describe the contents of the plasma membrane?

Back 1

1. Lipids
2. Carbs
3. Proteins

Front 2

PM: Lipids

Back 2

Phospholipids
Glycolipds
Cholesterol - membrane fluidity

Front 3

PM: Proteins

Back 3

1. Integral - cross membrane
- Structural
- Receptors
- Channels
2. Peripheral
- Hormone receptors
- Antigen markers

Front 4

PM: Carbs

Back 4

Glycocalyx

Front 5

Describe the purpose of the nucleus?

Back 5

1. Stores Genetic Info
2. DNA replication
3. Transcription occurs here

Front 6

What is the only cell in the body without a nucleus?

Back 6

RBC

Front 7

What occurs in the nucleolus?

Back 7

rRNA production, central component of ribosomes

Front 8

What is the purpose of the Cytoplasm?

Back 8

houses organelles, cytosol fills in the rest of the space

Front 9

Organelles: Ribosomes

Back 9

Essential for RNA to Protein Translation. Found in two forms

1. Free Floating - make proteins for cell growth, cell wall, mitosis

2. Bound (to ER) - proteins for excocytosis

Front 10

What occurs in the Rough ER?

Back 10

Initial Glycosalation of Proteins

Front 11

What is unique about the Smooth ER

Back 11

No ribosomes, and is specialized in diff places for specific functions.

AC - steroid prod
Hepatocytes - store glycogen, detox drugs

Front 12

What occurs in the Golgi App?

Back 12

Packaging of proteins for export, become secratory granule or lysosome.

Front 13

What is the function of lysosomes?

Back 13

Primary - digest old organelles
Secondary - Vacuole fused with primary for phag

Front 14

Describe Pathogenesis of Tay Sachs Disease?

Back 14

Accumulation of lipofusin which are residual bodies that have gained pigment. RB are inactivated lysosomes.

GANGLIOSIDOSIS (demylenating dx)

Front 15

What is unique about mitochondria?

Back 15

Own genome, with maternal inheritance.

Front 16

What are the components of the cytoskelaton?

Back 16

1. Microfilaments
2. Microtubules
3. Intermediate Filaments

Front 17

Cytoskelaton: Mircofilaments

Back 17

Actin - make up microvilli

Front 18

Cytoskelaton: Mircotubules

Back 18

Tubulin - protein core of flagella and cilia. Form the spindle apparatus used in cell division

Front 19

Where is microvilli found?

Back 19

1. Trachea Resp Tract
2. Fallopia Tube
3. Sperm Cells

Front 20

Name the Four Types of Cell Junctions?

Back 20

1. Gap
2. Tight - Zonula occuldens
3. Adherens
4. Hemidesmosomes

Front 21

Cell Junctions:

Gap Junctions

Back 21

1. Rapid Communications
2. Cardiac and Nervous Tissue

Front 22

Cell Junctions:

Tight Junctions (Zonula Occludens)

Back 22

1. BRB and BAB

Front 23

Cell Junctions:

Adherens Junctions

Back 23

1. Macula Adherens (Endo)

Front 24

Cell Junctions:

Hemidesmosomes

Back 24

1. Connect Basal cell layer to Basement Membrane

Front 25

Recurrent Corneal Errosions

Back 25

1. Poor adhesion bt Basement Mem and underlying tissue
2. Hemedismosome damage, epi not connecting to basement membrane

Front 26

Name the three types of Epithelium and there functions.

Back 26

1. Simple - Diffusion
2. Stratified - Protective
3. Secretory - Exocrine/Endocrine

Front 27

Name the three types of Simple Epithelium?

Back 27

S - Secretion (Cuboidal) - exp ducts
A - Absorption (Columnar) -GI/Resp
D - Diffusion (Squamous) - BV

Front 28

Stratified Epi:

Strat Squamous Non-Keratinzed Epi

Back 28

Cornea
Conj

Front 29

Stratified Epi:

Strat Squamous Keratinzed Epi

Back 29

Skin on Palm

Front 30

Statified Epi:

Transitional Epi

Back 30

In Bladder, protects against damage by urine

Front 31

Describe an exocrine gland?

Back 31

1. Def - secrete there products into ducts

Front 32

Name the three forms of exocrine glands?

Back 32

1. Holocrine - contents of cell placed into another cell, and whole cell released (Meibomian Gland)

2. Apocrine - products sent to membrane bound vesicle (goblet cells)

3. Merocrine - most common form, product exocytosed right out (Lacrimal Gland)

Front 33

Name the salivary glands?

Back 33

1. Sublingual
2. Submandibular
3. Parotid

Front 34

Sjogrens Syndrome is damage to what?

Back 34

Salivary Glands

Front 35

What is unique about the pancreas?

Back 35

It has both Exo and Endo functions

1. Endo - Insulin, Glucagon, Somastatin

2. Exo - digestive enzymes

Front 36

Describe endocrine glands?

Back 36

Secretes products directly into blood stream.

Ex. Pancreas, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pit

Front 37

Endocrine:

Adrenal Gland

Back 37

Go - Glomerulosa - Aldosterone
Fast - Fasiculata - Cortisol
Reggie - Reticulata - Androgen

Front 38

Name 2 prominent Endocrine Gland Diseases

Back 38

Graves - Thyroid
DM - pancreas

Front 39

How does CT and Epi compare?

Back 39

CT has more fibers less cells

Front 40

Name the five primary cells of CT?

Back 40

1. Fibroblasts - *****
2. Mast Cells
3. Macrophages
4. Pericytes
5. Plasma Cells

Front 41

Name the three primary fibers of CT?

Back 41

1. Collagen
2. Elastin - recoil
3. Reticular Fibers - framework for myeloid and lymphoid tissue

Front 42

What are GAGS?

Back 42

Long negatively charged polysaccs that contain a core of disaccharide repeating units.

LOVE WATER

Front 43

Name the 4 types of GAGs?

Back 43

1. Hyaluronic Acid - vitreous
2. Chondrotin Sulfate - 33% Cornea
3. Keratin Sulfate - 66% Cornea
4. Heparin - granules in mast cells, imp in anticoagulation

Front 44

What is a proteoglycan?

Back 44

Sulfated GAG bound to protein

Front 45

Name the Types of Specialized Connective Tissue?

Back 45

Blood
Bone
Cartilage
Fat

Front 46

Name the components of Blood?

Back 46

55% - Plasma
45% - RBC
<1% - WBC and Platelets

Front 47

Blood: Plasma

Back 47

Non Cellular Portion of Blood

80% - Water
18% - Protein (Albumin, A/B Globulins)
02% - FAT

Front 48

Plasma: What do A/B/G globulins help with?

Back 48

Alpha - made in liver for clotting
Beta - compliment system.
Gamma - Ab

Front 49

Blood: RBC

Back 49

O2 in, CO2 out
1. Anuclear
2. Most abundent cell in blood
3. Lifespan of 120 days
4. Hb

Front 50

Blood: WBC

Back 50

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

1. Granulocytes - BEN
2. Agranulocytes - Mononuclear (L/M)

Front 51

WBC:

"Never" - Neutrophils

Back 51

1. Phagocytic cells that are increased in bacterial infections. After Mac engest bact, chemokines send Neutrophils in.

Front 52

WBC:

"Let" - Lymphocytes

Back 52

1. #1 Fighter against Viral Infection

T Cells - Mediate Cellular Immunity by regulating B Cells, Macs

B Cells - Mediate Humoral Immunity, control Ab production

Front 53

WBC:

"Monkeys" - Monocytes

Back 53

1. Largest WBC
2. Phag + APC (Gets T-Cells in on action)

TB - they wall of bacteria, cant phag

Front 54

WBC:

"Eat" - Eosinophils

Back 54

1. Attack Ag/Ab combo
2. Release histamine from mast cells, also destroy parasites

Front 55

WBC:

"Bananas" - Basophils

Back 55

1. Inflamm like - increase perm and use chemotaxis to attract other WBCs

2. Type 1 Hyper

Front 56

All blood cells come from what stem cell?

Back 56

Hemocytoblast - Bone Marrow

Front 57

Describe Bone?

Back 57

1. Vascularized CT
2. Mineral Storage
3. Organ Protection
4. Bone Marrow - Blood Cell Formation

Front 58

Bone Cells:

Osteocytes

Back 58

Surround Central Artery maintain ECM

Front 59

Bone Cells:

Osteoblasts

Back 59

Builds ECM by taking Ca from blood

(Becomes Osteocytes)

Front 60

Bone Cells:

Osteoclasts

Back 60

Breaks down ECM and releases Ca into blood stream

Front 61

Calcitonin?

Back 61

Stops Osteoclasts

(Keeps Ca in Bone)

Front 62

PTH

Back 62

Promotes Osteoclasts

(Increase Ca in blood)

Front 63

Describe Cartilage?

Back 63

Avascular CT

Type 2 is the primary

Front 64

Name the types of cartilage?

Back 64

1. Hyaline - trachea/resp
2. Elastic - Ear
3. Fibrocartilage - Vertebrae/Knee

Front 65

Describe the excitation of MM?

Back 65

1. Na excites T-Tubules
2. Ca released
3. Ca binds troponin
4. Tropomysin shifts

Front 66

Describe the function of T-Tubules?

Back 66

Conducts AP to myofibrils

Front 67

Describe Cardiac MM?

Back 67

Involuntary Striated MM

Intercalated Disc - Gap Junctions
Purkinje Fibers - Impulse Conduction

Front 68

Describe Smooth Muscles?

Back 68

1. Involuntary
2. Non Striated
2. Associated with BV
3. Nerve Supply - Sparse

Front 69

What is the Axon Hillock?

Back 69

Location in CB where AP is generated, no nissal bodies here.

Front 70

Describe Orthograde propagation

Back 70

Cell Body to Axon

Front 71

Describe Retrograde propagation

Back 71

Axon to Cell Body

Front 72

Describe Orthograde Degeneration

Back 72

PRP causes Ganglion Cell Body death.

Disc Pallor

Front 73

Function of Myelin?

Back 73

Saltatory Conduction: speeds nerve impulse conduction by using gaps called Nodes of Ranivior

Front 74

What produces myelin in CNS?

Back 74

Oligodendrocytes

Front 75

What produces myelin in PNS?

Back 75

Schwann Cells

Front 76

What is the Neurolemma?

Back 76

Surrounds Schwann cells and allows PNS Regeneration which doesnt happen in CNS

Front 77

Nodes of Ranvier?

Back 77

Gaps of exposed axons - speed conduction. PNS only

Front 78

What are the two important layers of the Epidermis?

Back 78

Stratum Spinosum - SCC
Stratum Basal - BCC

These are also the only two mitotic layers

Front 79

Eyelid Malignancies:

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Back 79

90% of all Maligancies

1. Pearly Nodule
2. Central Ulcer
3. Lower Eyelid mainly

Front 80

Eyelid Malignancies:

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Back 80

1. Meta - inc chance
2. Precursor - Actinic Keratosis

Front 81

Malignant Melenoma

Back 81

# 1 Intraocular Cancer

1. Melanocytes - Increase
2. Meta - Liver

Front 82

Albinism?

Back 82

Ocular - only eyes
Oculocutanous - eyes and skin

Front 83

What is located in the Dermis?

Back 83

Sensory Nerve Endings

Front 84

Dermis:

Open Ended Nerve Endings

Back 84

Nocioreceptors - pain (think corneal abrasion)

Front 85

Dermis:

Encapsulated Nerve Endings

Back 85

Pacinian Corpuscles - pressure

Front 86

What is the importance of the Hypodermis?

Back 86

INSULATION

Uses adipose, also has sweat and sebaceous glands

Front 87

What are the layers of the heart?

Back 87

Endocardium - Inner Lining
Myocardium - Heart MM
Epicardium - Autonomic Nerves

Front 88

Name the 5 Layers of Blood Vessels?

Back 88

1. Endothelium
2. Tunica intima
3. Tunica media
4. Ext Elastic Lamina
5. Tunica Adventitia

Front 89

What layer is missing in capillaries?

Back 89

Tunica Media, thin in Veins

Front 90

Name the three types of capillaries?

Back 90

1. Continuous - Most Common
2. Fenestrated - no tight junctions
3. Discontinuous - big things leave

all are lined by endothelium

Front 91

Which layer is dominant in arteries, and veins?

Back 91

Arteries - tunica media
Veins - tunica adventia

Front 92

Describe the formation of Lymph?

Back 92

1. Hydrostatic pressure drives some fluid from blood into lymphatic vessels.

2. Located in CT they collect and send to LN, then back to venous system

Front 93

Which lymph nodes drain the orbit?

Back 93

Submanidular - medial part
Parotid - lateral part

Front 94

What is the function of lymph nodes

Back 94

1. Immune - make lympocytes and ab based on ag seen

2. Filter - crap out of blood

3. Fluid Reg - limit edema

Front 95

Thymus

Back 95

Located behind sternum, shrinks in size and function after puberty.

Thymic education

Front 96

Function of Spleen?

Back 96

Filter and Screen Blood. Contains a reserve of T/B cells to attack ag

Front 97

What are the contents of the upper respiratory cavity?

Back 97

Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

Front 98

Lower Resp System:

Trachea

Back 98

1. Contains tons of Cilia
2. Moves air out
3. Divides into Bronchi

Front 99

Describe the two cells in the alveoli?

Back 99

Type 1 Pneumocytes - Gas Exchange (no regeneration)

Type 2 Pneumocytes - Makes surfactant (decrease surface tension)

Front 100

Describe how the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems act on lungs?

Back 100

Symp - bronchodilation
Para - bronchoconstriction

Front 101

Describe movement in the digestive tract?

Back 101

Voluntary thru esophagus
Autonomic thru rest of tract

Front 102

Describe the four layers of the Digestive System?

Back 102

1. Mucosa - villi/microvilli
2. Submucosa - large BV
3. Muscular Externa - moves food
4. Adventia - loose CT

Front 103

Describe the actions of the mouth and pharynx?

Back 103

Make bolus

Front 104

Describe actions of esophagus?

Back 104

Move bolus down to stomach

Heart Burn - at the junction

Front 105

What is the function of the stomach?

Back 105

Mix food and create chyme

Front 106

Name the four regions of the stomach?

Back 106

Cardiac - Mucous
Fundus - HCl
Body
Pyloric

Front 107

Describe the gastric secretions?

Back 107

Parietal Cells - HCl / Intrinsic Factor
Chief Cells - Pepsinogen

Front 108

What is unique about the small intestine, and what is its function?

Back 108

Lots of microvilli - to increase surface area for absorption

Neutralizes chyme

Front 109

What is the main function of the large intestine?

Back 109

1. Absorb H20
2. Lubricate Feces
3. No Villi
4. Tons of Goblet cells

Front 110

Liver: Describe the portal triad?

Back 110

Hepatic Artery
Portal Vein
Bile Duct

Front 111

What role does the central vein play?

Back 111

1. Hepatic Artery and Portal Vein drain here
2. Here hepatocytes either pull nutrient into liver, or put them into blood stream.
3. Kupffer Cells - lined here, act as APC

Front 112

Why does the liver bring in blood here?

Back 112

1. Vitamins - storage
2. Fats - removal
3. Nitrogen - urea
4. Glucose - uses glycogen to regulated levels.

Front 113

Other then the previously mentioned functions what else does the liver do?

Back 113

1. Makes Proteins - Albumin / Compliment
2. Makes Bile - stored in gall bladder

Front 114

What are the contents of bile?

Back 114

Bilirubin
Bile salts (emulsify fat)