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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe the contents of the plasma membrane?
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1. Lipids
2. Carbs 3. Proteins |
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PM: Lipids
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Phospholipids
Glycolipds Cholesterol - membrane fluidity |
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PM: Proteins
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1. Integral - cross membrane
- Structural - Receptors - Channels 2. Peripheral - Hormone receptors - Antigen markers |
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PM: Carbs
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Glycocalyx
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Describe the purpose of the nucleus?
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1. Stores Genetic Info
2. DNA replication 3. Transcription occurs here |
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What is the only cell in the body without a nucleus?
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RBC
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What occurs in the nucleolus?
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rRNA production, central component of ribosomes
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What is the purpose of the Cytoplasm?
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houses organelles, cytosol fills in the rest of the space
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Organelles: Ribosomes
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Essential for RNA to Protein Translation. Found in two forms
1. Free Floating - make proteins for cell growth, cell wall, mitosis 2. Bound (to ER) - proteins for excocytosis |
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What occurs in the Rough ER?
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Initial Glycosalation of Proteins
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What is unique about the Smooth ER
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No ribosomes, and is specialized in diff places for specific functions.
AC - steroid prod Hepatocytes - store glycogen, detox drugs |
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What occurs in the Golgi App?
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Packaging of proteins for export, become secratory granule or lysosome.
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What is the function of lysosomes?
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Primary - digest old organelles
Secondary - Vacuole fused with primary for phag |
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Describe Pathogenesis of Tay Sachs Disease?
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Accumulation of lipofusin which are residual bodies that have gained pigment. RB are inactivated lysosomes.
GANGLIOSIDOSIS (demylenating dx) |
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What is unique about mitochondria?
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Own genome, with maternal inheritance.
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What are the components of the cytoskelaton?
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1. Microfilaments
2. Microtubules 3. Intermediate Filaments |
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Cytoskelaton: Mircofilaments
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Actin - make up microvilli
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Cytoskelaton: Mircotubules
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Tubulin - protein core of flagella and cilia. Form the spindle apparatus used in cell division
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Where is microvilli found?
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1. Trachea Resp Tract
2. Fallopia Tube 3. Sperm Cells |
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Name the Four Types of Cell Junctions?
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1. Gap
2. Tight - Zonula occuldens 3. Adherens 4. Hemidesmosomes |
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Cell Junctions:
Gap Junctions |
1. Rapid Communications
2. Cardiac and Nervous Tissue |
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Cell Junctions:
Tight Junctions (Zonula Occludens) |
1. BRB and BAB
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Cell Junctions:
Adherens Junctions |
1. Macula Adherens (Endo)
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Cell Junctions:
Hemidesmosomes |
1. Connect Basal cell layer to Basement Membrane
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Recurrent Corneal Errosions
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1. Poor adhesion bt Basement Mem and underlying tissue
2. Hemedismosome damage, epi not connecting to basement membrane |
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Name the three types of Epithelium and there functions.
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1. Simple - Diffusion
2. Stratified - Protective 3. Secretory - Exocrine/Endocrine |
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Name the three types of Simple Epithelium?
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S - Secretion (Cuboidal) - exp ducts
A - Absorption (Columnar) -GI/Resp D - Diffusion (Squamous) - BV |
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Stratified Epi:
Strat Squamous Non-Keratinzed Epi |
Cornea
Conj |
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Stratified Epi:
Strat Squamous Keratinzed Epi |
Skin on Palm
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Statified Epi:
Transitional Epi |
In Bladder, protects against damage by urine
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Describe an exocrine gland?
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1. Def - secrete there products into ducts
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Name the three forms of exocrine glands?
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1. Holocrine - contents of cell placed into another cell, and whole cell released (Meibomian Gland)
2. Apocrine - products sent to membrane bound vesicle (goblet cells) 3. Merocrine - most common form, product exocytosed right out (Lacrimal Gland) |
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Name the salivary glands?
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1. Sublingual
2. Submandibular 3. Parotid |
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Sjogrens Syndrome is damage to what?
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Salivary Glands
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What is unique about the pancreas?
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It has both Exo and Endo functions
1. Endo - Insulin, Glucagon, Somastatin 2. Exo - digestive enzymes |
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Describe endocrine glands?
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Secretes products directly into blood stream.
Ex. Pancreas, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pit |
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Endocrine:
Adrenal Gland |
Go - Glomerulosa - Aldosterone
Fast - Fasiculata - Cortisol Reggie - Reticulata - Androgen |
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Name 2 prominent Endocrine Gland Diseases
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Graves - Thyroid
DM - pancreas |
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How does CT and Epi compare?
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CT has more fibers less cells
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Name the five primary cells of CT?
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1. Fibroblasts - *****
2. Mast Cells 3. Macrophages 4. Pericytes 5. Plasma Cells |
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Name the three primary fibers of CT?
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1. Collagen
2. Elastin - recoil 3. Reticular Fibers - framework for myeloid and lymphoid tissue |
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What are GAGS?
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Long negatively charged polysaccs that contain a core of disaccharide repeating units.
LOVE WATER |
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Name the 4 types of GAGs?
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1. Hyaluronic Acid - vitreous
2. Chondrotin Sulfate - 33% Cornea 3. Keratin Sulfate - 66% Cornea 4. Heparin - granules in mast cells, imp in anticoagulation |
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What is a proteoglycan?
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Sulfated GAG bound to protein
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Name the Types of Specialized Connective Tissue?
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Blood
Bone Cartilage Fat |
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Name the components of Blood?
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55% - Plasma
45% - RBC <1% - WBC and Platelets |
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Blood: Plasma
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Non Cellular Portion of Blood
80% - Water 18% - Protein (Albumin, A/B Globulins) 02% - FAT |
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Plasma: What do A/B/G globulins help with?
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Alpha - made in liver for clotting
Beta - compliment system. Gamma - Ab |
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Blood: RBC
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O2 in, CO2 out
1. Anuclear 2. Most abundent cell in blood 3. Lifespan of 120 days 4. Hb |
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Blood: WBC
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Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
1. Granulocytes - BEN 2. Agranulocytes - Mononuclear (L/M) |
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WBC:
"Never" - Neutrophils |
1. Phagocytic cells that are increased in bacterial infections. After Mac engest bact, chemokines send Neutrophils in.
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WBC:
"Let" - Lymphocytes |
1. #1 Fighter against Viral Infection
T Cells - Mediate Cellular Immunity by regulating B Cells, Macs B Cells - Mediate Humoral Immunity, control Ab production |
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WBC:
"Monkeys" - Monocytes |
1. Largest WBC
2. Phag + APC (Gets T-Cells in on action) TB - they wall of bacteria, cant phag |
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WBC:
"Eat" - Eosinophils |
1. Attack Ag/Ab combo
2. Release histamine from mast cells, also destroy parasites |
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WBC:
"Bananas" - Basophils |
1. Inflamm like - increase perm and use chemotaxis to attract other WBCs
2. Type 1 Hyper |
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All blood cells come from what stem cell?
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Hemocytoblast - Bone Marrow
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Describe Bone?
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1. Vascularized CT
2. Mineral Storage 3. Organ Protection 4. Bone Marrow - Blood Cell Formation |
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Bone Cells:
Osteocytes |
Surround Central Artery maintain ECM
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Bone Cells:
Osteoblasts |
Builds ECM by taking Ca from blood
(Becomes Osteocytes) |
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Bone Cells:
Osteoclasts |
Breaks down ECM and releases Ca into blood stream
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Calcitonin?
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Stops Osteoclasts
(Keeps Ca in Bone) |
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PTH
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Promotes Osteoclasts
(Increase Ca in blood) |
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Describe Cartilage?
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Avascular CT
Type 2 is the primary |
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Name the types of cartilage?
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1. Hyaline - trachea/resp
2. Elastic - Ear 3. Fibrocartilage - Vertebrae/Knee |
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Describe the excitation of MM?
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1. Na excites T-Tubules
2. Ca released 3. Ca binds troponin 4. Tropomysin shifts |
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Describe the function of T-Tubules?
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Conducts AP to myofibrils
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Describe Cardiac MM?
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Involuntary Striated MM
Intercalated Disc - Gap Junctions Purkinje Fibers - Impulse Conduction |
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Describe Smooth Muscles?
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1. Involuntary
2. Non Striated 2. Associated with BV 3. Nerve Supply - Sparse |
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What is the Axon Hillock?
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Location in CB where AP is generated, no nissal bodies here.
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Describe Orthograde propagation
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Cell Body to Axon
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Describe Retrograde propagation
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Axon to Cell Body
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Describe Orthograde Degeneration
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PRP causes Ganglion Cell Body death.
Disc Pallor |
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Function of Myelin?
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Saltatory Conduction: speeds nerve impulse conduction by using gaps called Nodes of Ranivior
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What produces myelin in CNS?
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Oligodendrocytes
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What produces myelin in PNS?
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Schwann Cells
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What is the Neurolemma?
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Surrounds Schwann cells and allows PNS Regeneration which doesnt happen in CNS
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Nodes of Ranvier?
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Gaps of exposed axons - speed conduction. PNS only
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What are the two important layers of the Epidermis?
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Stratum Spinosum - SCC
Stratum Basal - BCC These are also the only two mitotic layers |
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Eyelid Malignancies:
Basal Cell Carcinoma |
90% of all Maligancies
1. Pearly Nodule 2. Central Ulcer 3. Lower Eyelid mainly |
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Eyelid Malignancies:
Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
1. Meta - inc chance
2. Precursor - Actinic Keratosis |
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Malignant Melenoma
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# 1 Intraocular Cancer
1. Melanocytes - Increase 2. Meta - Liver |
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Albinism?
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Ocular - only eyes
Oculocutanous - eyes and skin |
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What is located in the Dermis?
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Sensory Nerve Endings
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Dermis:
Open Ended Nerve Endings |
Nocioreceptors - pain (think corneal abrasion)
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Dermis:
Encapsulated Nerve Endings |
Pacinian Corpuscles - pressure
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What is the importance of the Hypodermis?
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INSULATION
Uses adipose, also has sweat and sebaceous glands |
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What are the layers of the heart?
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Endocardium - Inner Lining
Myocardium - Heart MM Epicardium - Autonomic Nerves |
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Name the 5 Layers of Blood Vessels?
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1. Endothelium
2. Tunica intima 3. Tunica media 4. Ext Elastic Lamina 5. Tunica Adventitia |
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What layer is missing in capillaries?
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Tunica Media, thin in Veins
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Name the three types of capillaries?
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1. Continuous - Most Common
2. Fenestrated - no tight junctions 3. Discontinuous - big things leave all are lined by endothelium |
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Which layer is dominant in arteries, and veins?
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Arteries - tunica media
Veins - tunica adventia |
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Describe the formation of Lymph?
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1. Hydrostatic pressure drives some fluid from blood into lymphatic vessels.
2. Located in CT they collect and send to LN, then back to venous system |
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Which lymph nodes drain the orbit?
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Submanidular - medial part
Parotid - lateral part |
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What is the function of lymph nodes
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1. Immune - make lympocytes and ab based on ag seen
2. Filter - crap out of blood 3. Fluid Reg - limit edema |
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Thymus
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Located behind sternum, shrinks in size and function after puberty.
Thymic education |
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Function of Spleen?
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Filter and Screen Blood. Contains a reserve of T/B cells to attack ag
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What are the contents of the upper respiratory cavity?
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Nasal Cavity
Pharynx Larynx |
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Lower Resp System:
Trachea |
1. Contains tons of Cilia
2. Moves air out 3. Divides into Bronchi |
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Describe the two cells in the alveoli?
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Type 1 Pneumocytes - Gas Exchange (no regeneration)
Type 2 Pneumocytes - Makes surfactant (decrease surface tension) |
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Describe how the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems act on lungs?
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Symp - bronchodilation
Para - bronchoconstriction |
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Describe movement in the digestive tract?
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Voluntary thru esophagus
Autonomic thru rest of tract |
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Describe the four layers of the Digestive System?
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1. Mucosa - villi/microvilli
2. Submucosa - large BV 3. Muscular Externa - moves food 4. Adventia - loose CT |
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Describe the actions of the mouth and pharynx?
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Make bolus
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Describe actions of esophagus?
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Move bolus down to stomach
Heart Burn - at the junction |
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What is the function of the stomach?
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Mix food and create chyme
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Name the four regions of the stomach?
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Cardiac - Mucous
Fundus - HCl Body Pyloric |
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Describe the gastric secretions?
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Parietal Cells - HCl / Intrinsic Factor
Chief Cells - Pepsinogen |
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What is unique about the small intestine, and what is its function?
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Lots of microvilli - to increase surface area for absorption
Neutralizes chyme |
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What is the main function of the large intestine?
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1. Absorb H20
2. Lubricate Feces 3. No Villi 4. Tons of Goblet cells |
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Liver: Describe the portal triad?
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Hepatic Artery
Portal Vein Bile Duct |
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What role does the central vein play?
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1. Hepatic Artery and Portal Vein drain here
2. Here hepatocytes either pull nutrient into liver, or put them into blood stream. 3. Kupffer Cells - lined here, act as APC |
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Why does the liver bring in blood here?
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1. Vitamins - storage
2. Fats - removal 3. Nitrogen - urea 4. Glucose - uses glycogen to regulated levels. |
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Other then the previously mentioned functions what else does the liver do?
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1. Makes Proteins - Albumin / Compliment
2. Makes Bile - stored in gall bladder |
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What are the contents of bile?
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Bilirubin
Bile salts (emulsify fat) |