1. Ans 1

Front 1

2 major morphological divsions of the NS:

Back 1

1. CNS
2. PNS

Front 2

What is the CNS composed of?

Back 2

Brain + Spinal Cord

Front 3

What is the PNS composed of? (3 things)

Back 3

CNS fiber outflow
Sensory fiber inflow
Peripheral ganglia

Front 4

What structures are found in the CNS?

Back 4

-Cell bodies/major process of the Brain, Spinal Cord, and Interneurons

Front 5

What structures are found in the PNS?

Back 5

-Afferent neurons projecting into the CNS
-Efferent neurons projecting out of the CNS

Front 6

2 Major FUNCTIONAL divisions of the PNS:

Back 6

1. Somatic nervous system
2. Autonomic nervous system

Front 7

What does Somatic mean?

Back 7

That the somatic axons innervate skeletal muscle (either motor or sensory).

Front 8

What does Autonomic mean?

Back 8

That the axons innervate
-Smooth muscle
-Cardiac muscle
-Glands
-GI neurons

Front 9

Where somatic efferents/afferents cause changes in the external environment, what do Autonomic Efferents/afferents do?

Back 9

Cause and sense changes in the body's internal environment

Front 10

What is the ANS derived from?

Back 10

Neural Crest

Front 11

Does neural crest only give rise to the ANS?

Back 11

Obviously no, it gives rise to many things.

Front 12

What determines the fate of neural crest cells?

Back 12

Their axial level

Front 13

What does neural crest at the Cranial spinal cord level give rise to?

Back 13

Parasympathetic ganglia

Front 14

What does neural crest at the Vagal spinal cord level give rise to?

Back 14

-Enteric ganglia
-Parasympathetic ganglia
-Superior cervical ganglion

Front 15

What does neural crest at the Trunk spinal cord level give rise to?

Back 15

-Sympathetic ganglia
-Adrenal medulla

Front 16

What does neural crest at the Lumbosacral spinal cord level give rise to?

Back 16

-Enteric ganglia
-Parasympathetic ganglia

Front 17

3 divisions of the ANS:

Back 17

-SNS
-PNS
-ENS

Front 18

What does the SNS function to do?

Back 18

Equips the body for intense muscular action required in offense and defense

Front 19

What does the PNS function to do?

Back 19

Restore and conserve energy and give rest to vital organs.

Front 20

What does the ENS function to do? (4 things)

Back 20

1. Regulate enteric secretions
2. Renerate intestinal epithelium
3. Contract smooth muscles
4. GI motility

Front 21

How is the ENS related to the PNS and SNS?

Back 21

It can operate independently, but is modulated by SNS and PNS fibers.

Front 22

At what spinal cord levels are SNS preganglionic neurons?

Back 22

T1-L2

Front 23

At what spinal cord levels are PNS preganglionic neurons?

Back 23

-Brainstem nuclei
-S2-S4

Front 24

Where are the Enteric preganglionic neurons found?

Back 24

In the walls of the gut

Front 25

What is the cell column in the SC that houses SNS/PNS pregang. neurons?

Back 25

Intermediolateral cell column

Front 26

How are pre- and postganglionic neurons different in both the SNS and PNS?

Back 26

Pre = myelinated
Post = unmyelinated

Front 27

Where do preganglionic neurons synapse on postganglionics?

Back 27

At clusters of cell bodies called GANGLIA

Front 28

What type of ANS input do most organs recieve?

Back 28

Input from both SNS and PNS, which is usually opposing.

Front 29

What organs recieve parallel (both excitatory) input from the SNS and PNS?

Back 29

Salivary glands

Front 30

8 Responses included in a Sympathetic outflow increase:

Back 30

-Increased heartrate
-Increased blood pressure
-Increased Cardiac output
-Diversion of bloodflow from skin to skeletal muscle
-pupil dilation
-Bronchiolar dilation
-Sphincter contraction
-Mobilization of fat/glycogen

Front 31

How are ganglia of the SNS situated relative to the spinal cord?

Back 31

Close to it and in chains

Front 32

How are ganglia of the PNS situated relative to the spinal cord?

Back 32

Far from it - ganglia are within or close to target organs.

Front 33

4 Primary Things that happen during a PNS outflow increase:

Back 33

-Reduced heartrate
-Reduced blood pressure
-Digestion/nutrient absorption
-Waste excretion

Front 34

What is another name for the interomediolateral cell column that houses s2-S4 PNS neurons?

Back 34

SPN - sacral parasympathetic nucleus

Front 35

What is the effect of SNS vs PNS action on the Eye?

Back 35

SNS = dilates pupil

PNS = constricts pupil

Front 36

What is the effect of SNS vs PNS action on the Lacrimal gland?

Back 36

PNS stimulates lacrimation

Front 37

What is the effect of SNS vs PNS Salivary glands?

Back 37

SNS = viscous secretion
PNS = watery secretion

Front 38

What stimulates sweat glands?

Back 38

SNS

Front 39

What is the effect of SNS vs PNS action on the lungs??

Back 39

SNS = bronchial relaxation

PNS = bronchoconstriction

Front 40

How does the SNS affect Vascular smooth muscle? (Skin vs muscle)

Back 40

Skin vessels = contracts
Muscle vessels = relax

Front 41

How does the PNS affect all vascular smooth muscle?

Back 41

Dilates

Front 42

What is the effect of SNS vs PNS action on the GI tract?

Back 42

SNS: relax muscle walls, contract sphincters, decrease motility
PNS: opposite

Front 43

What is the effect of SNS vs PNS action on the Bladder and Bladder Sphincter??

Back 43

SNS: slight relaxation of the bladder, constricts sphincter.
PNS: contraction of bladder, relaxation of sphincter.

Front 44

What is the effect of SNS vs PNS action on the penis and seminal vesicles?

Back 44

SNS: ejaculation
PNS: erection
(point and shoot)

Front 45

What efferents found exiting the spinal cord belong to the ANS?

Back 45

ALL of them except those innervating skeletal muscle!

Front 46

So what type of system is the ANS predominantly?

Back 46

An efferent motor system of general Visceral Efferents - GVE

Front 47

What are most of the GVAs concerned with?

Back 47

Mediation of visceral sensation and regulation of vasomotor and respiratory reflexes - PNS

Front 48

What GVA axons carry sensations from baro/chemoreceptors in the heart? To where?

Back 48

cn IX and X - to the brainstem (NTS)

Front 49

What carries GVA fibers from the gut to the CNS?

Back 49

-Vagus nerves
-Splanchnic nerves
-Pelvic nerves

Front 50

What carries pain fibers from blood vessels?

Back 50

Somatic nerves

Front 51

What happens once afferents from bloodvessels, heart and viscera reach the brain?

Back 51

They elicit reflex responses through efferents.

Front 52

General nature of ANS reflexes:

Back 52

-Involuntary
-Unconscious

Front 53

GVEs transmit impulses from ___ to ____:

Back 53

From CNS to peripheral systems.

Front 54

Where are visceral motor responses elicited?

Back 54

In smooth muscle and glands

Front 55

What is the main difference in the ANS compared to somatic in terms of how its targets are stimulated?

Back 55

It uses 2 groups of neurons (SNS and PNS) instead of one.

Front 56

Where are the Preganglionic neurons for the ANS housed?

Back 56

in the CNS

Front 57

Confirm whether the SNS chain ganglia are in the CNS or PNS

Back 57

ok

Front 58

Where do preganglionics project to?

Back 58

Ganglia (paravertebral, prevertebral, etc) where they synapse with postganglionics

Front 59

Where do postganglionics go?

Back 59

To the target organ

Front 60

What are postganglionics called? Are they in the CNS or PNS?

Back 60

Motor neurons - in the PNS; so autonomic ganglia lie in the peripheral NS too.

Front 61

Where are the autonomic ganglia found?

Back 61

-Sympathetic paravertebral chain
-Symp Collateral ganglia (prevertebral)
-Parasymp Intramural ganglion

Front 62

Where are the cell bodies of SNS preganglionic neurons found?

Back 62

In the intermediolateral horns of SC segments T1-L2

Front 63

What is the special name for the spinal cord output from SNS at T1-L2?

Back 63

Thoracolumbar outflow

Front 64

Where do the paravertebral sympathetic chains extend?

Back 64

From cervical to sacral SC levels - so longer than the actual cell bodies in the cord.

Front 65

What is achieved by the sympathetic chains being longer than the levels of cell bodies?

Back 65

Divergance - 1 cell body can give 10 postganglionic fibers, and these can reach other parts of the body.

Front 66

What is the general configuration of the SNS pre and post fibers?

Back 66

PRe = short
Post = long

Front 67

Where do Preganglionic SNS fibers exit the spinal cord?

Back 67

Out the ventral horn

Front 68

Where do SNS preganglionics go after exiting the ventral horn?

Back 68

To the mixed root, then branch off as white rami communicantes which can do one of 3 things.

Front 69

What are the 3 alternatives available to white rami communicantes?

Back 69

1. Synapse within the chain
2. Pass up or down to another level to synapse
3. Pass through and go to a prevertebral ganglion

Front 70

What are the prevertebral nerves that pass thru without synapsing in the paravertebral chain?

Back 70

Splanchnic nerves

Front 71

What are gray rami for?

Back 71

These are the unmyelinated postganglionic fibers that carry the nerve impulse from chain ganglion to target organ.

Front 72

Where are white rami found? Where are gray rami found?

Back 72

White: only T1-L2 levels
Gray: at every level

Front 73

Why is the sympathetic chain longer than T1-L2?

Back 73

So that it can give innervation to the head/neck/lower abdomen, not just the thorax.

Front 74

What are the SC levels at which Splanchnic nerves originate?

Back 74

T5-T12

Front 75

Where do Splanchnic nerves synapse?

Back 75

At the Celiac and Superior mesenteric ganglia

Front 76

What carries postganglionics from the Celiac / Sup mesenteric ganglia to the target organs?

Back 76

Plexuses

Front 77

What spinal cord levels give rise to lower Splanchnic nerves that innervate the inferior mesenteric ganglion and hypogastric plexuses?

Back 77

T10-L1

Front 78

What is the special name for preganglionic parasymp outflow?

Back 78

Craniosacral

Front 79

Where does the cranial and sacral PNS outflow originate?

Back 79

Cranial: In the motor nuclei of cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10

Sacral: in S2-S4

Front 80

Where are the sacral outflow preganglionic PNS fibers' cell bodies housed? Where do they exit the spinal cord?

Back 80

In the intermmediolateral cell column - exit via the ventral horn.

Front 81

Where does the craniosacral PNS outflow go?

Back 81

To the ganglion that is situated close to the target organ

Front 82

So what is the general arrangement of the 2-neuron system for PNS outflow?

Back 82

Pre = long
Post = short

Front 83

What are autonomic plexuses?

Back 83

Networks of nerves that redistribute SNS and PNS nerves

Front 84

What does the hypogastric plexus innervate?

Back 84

Most of the large intestine and abdominal and genital organs

Front 85

What forms the Cardiac plexus?

Back 85

-Cardiac sympathetic nerves
-Vagus nerve branches

Front 86

What forms the Pulmonary plexus?

Back 86

-Upper thoracic SNS nerves
-Vagus nerve branches

Front 87

What forms the Celiac plexus?

Back 87

-SNS fibers from celiac ganglia and thoracic aortic plexus
-PNS fibers from vagus via the esophageal plexus

Front 88

You know about the enteric nervous system

Back 88

right