1 - Abnormal Behavior In Historical Context

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psychological disorder

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psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response

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phobia

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psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation

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psychopathology

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scientific study of psychological disorders

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scientist-practitioner model

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expectation that mental health professionals will apply scientific methods to their work; they must keep current in the latest research on diagnosis and treament, they must evaluate their own methods for effectivesness, and they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their treatment

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presenting problem

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original complaint reported by the client to the therapist; the actual treated problem may sometimes be a modification derived from the presenting problem

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clinical description

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details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder

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prevalence

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number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time

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incidence

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number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific time period

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course

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pattern of development and change of a disorder over time

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prognosis

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predicted future development of a disorder over time

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etiology

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cause or source of a disorder

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psychosocial treatment

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treatment practices that f ocus on social and cultural factors (such as family experience) as well as psychological influences; these approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods

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moral therapy

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19-th century psychosocial approach to treatment that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments

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mental hygiene movement

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mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment

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psychoanalysis

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psychoanalytic assessment and therapy, which emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconcscious processes and conflicts, pioneered by Sigmund Freud

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behaviorism

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explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

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unconscious

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part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person

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catharsis

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rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy

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psychoanalytic model

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complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on infrerred inner entities and forces

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id

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in psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychical entity present at birth representing basic drives

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ego

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in psychoanalysis, the psychical entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives

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superego

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in psychoanalysis, the psychical entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society

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intrapsychic conflicts

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in psychoanalysis, the struggles among the id, ego, and superego

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defense mechanisms

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common patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations; in psychoanalysis, these ar ethought to be unconscious processes originating in the ego

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psychosexual stages of development

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in psychoanalysis, the sequence of phases a person passes through during development; each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time

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neurosis

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obsolete psychodynamic term for psychological disorder thought to result from unconscious conflicts and the anxiety they cause; plural is neuroses

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ego psychology

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derived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the go in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts

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object relations

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modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them

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collective unconscious

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accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung

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free association

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psychoanalytic therapy technique inteded to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious; the patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind wihtout censoring

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dream analysis

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psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream contents are examined as symbolic id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts

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psychoanalyst

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therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D. or Ph.D. degree and then receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training

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transference

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psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents

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psychodynamic psychotherapy

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contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems

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self-actualizing

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process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences

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person-centered therapy

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therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility

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unconditional positive regard

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acceptance by the counselor of the client's feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation

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behavioral model

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explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

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classical conditioning

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fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov; an event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not (a neutral stimulus); after repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response

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extinction

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learning process in which a response is maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditiong decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed; also the procedure of removing that reinforcement or pairing

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introspection

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early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked

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systematic desensitization

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behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation

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behavior therapy

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array of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems; it considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflict as legitimate targets for change

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reinforcement

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in operant conditioning, consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency; positive reinforcement involves the ocntingent delivery of a desired consequence; negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence; unwanted behaviors may result from their reinforcement, or the failure to reinforce desired behaviors

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shaping

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in operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response; both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner