1 A Uhcl Biochem Ii Exam3.1 - All Questions

Front 1

--- Purine and Pyrimidine Bases ---
Purines have ### major forms.
Pyrimidines have ### major forms.

Back 1

2
3

Front 2

--- Cholesterol ---
Is an organic chemical substance classified as a waxy steroid of ***.

Back 2

fat

Front 3

*** are the major energy storage compounds in mammals and plant seeds.

Back 3

Triglycerides

Front 4

--- Biosynthesis/Breakdown of Fatty Acids ---
1) Occur in different *** and ***.
2) Catalyzed by different sets of ***.
3) Only Biosynthesis uses the 3-C intermediate ***.

Back 4

1) pathways --- compartments
2) enzymes
3) malonyl-CoA

Front 5

In Humans
1) ### Essential AA.
2) ### Conditionally Essential AA.
3) ### breakdown pathways for each AA.

Back 5

1) 9
2) 6
3) 20

Front 6

--- Nitrogen Fixation ---
1) Atmosphere make-up is *** N2.
2) Engine fixation produces...
3) Lightning fixation produces...

Back 6

1) 78.09%
2) NO and NO2
3) NO3-

Front 7

--- Purine Synthesis Pathway ---
1) Starting substrate is ***.
2) First real purine is ***. After this the
3) pathway splits into two branches yielding...

Back 7

1) ribose-5-phosphate
2) IMP(Inosine 5’-phosphate)
3) AMP and GMP

Front 8

Cholesterol...
derived from greek....

Back 8

chole- (bile)
stereos (solid)
chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol

Front 9

Metabolic oxidation of fats yields *#* kcal/g whereas carbohydrates and proteins yield only *#* kcal/g.

Back 9

9 kcal/g --- 37 J/g
4 kcal/g --- 17 J/g

Front 10

--- Synthesis Of Fatty Acids ---
1) Biosynthesis Intermediate Malonyl-CoA is formed from *** and ***.
2) Vitamin B7 is AKA *** and is found in many carboxylation
3) enzymes including p*** / p***-CoA / a***-CoA carboxylase.

Back 10

1) Acetyl-CoA and Bicarbonate
2) Biotin
3) pyruvate/propionyl-CoA/acetyl-CoA

Front 11

--- AA Breakdown Pathways ---
converge into a few terminal pathways giving mainly...
1) *** (used for new glucose)
2) *** (TCA Cycle)
3) *** (TCA Cycle)

Back 11

1) pyruvate
2) acetyl-S-CoA
3) TCA cycle intermediates

Front 12

--- Nitrogen Fixation 10^12g/year ---
Non-Biological - ###
1) Industrial \ Combustion \ Lightning

Biological - ###
2) Agricultural \ Non-agricultural \ Sea

Back 12

80
1) 50/20/10

175
2) 90/50/35

Front 13

--- Purine/Pyrimidine Synthesis/Salvage ---
LONG-FORM NAMES
1) Activated Ribose is AKA as...
2) Synthesized from starting material *** VIA
3) the enzymatic action of ***.

Back 13

1) PRPP (5-PhosphoRibosyl-α-PyroPhosphate)
2) α-D-ribose-5-phosphate
3) PRPP synthetase (PhosphoRibosyl PyroPhosphate synthetase)

Front 14

--- Cholesterol ---
1) Dampens influence of *** variations on cell membrane permeability / fluidity.
2) In high t, cholesterol acts to *** fluidity.
3) In low t, cholesterol acts to *** fluidity.

Back 14

1) temperature
2) decrease
3) increase

Front 15

Typical 70-kg human fuel reserves:
400,000 kJ in ***
100,000 kJ in ***
2500 kJ in ***
170 kJ in ***

Back 15

body fat
protein
glycogen
glucose

Front 16

--- Biotin in Fatty Acid Synthesis ---
1) Biotin is a prosthetic group in several enzyme catalyzed *** reactions.
2) It's produced by *** bacteria and scavenged from ***.
3) GI tract absorption prevented by glycoprotein *** found in ***(food).

Back 16

1) carboxylation
2) intestinal --- bodily waste
3) avidin --- raw egg-whites

Front 17

--- AA Breakdown Pathways ---
1) *** type AAs give rise to new glucose.
2) *** type AAs give rise to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA.

Back 17

1) Glucogenic
2) Ketogenic

Front 18

--- Nitrogen Fixation ---
1) Fixation of one N2 requires *** ATP.
2) Biological/Non-Biological fixes 2x as much N2 as the other.

Back 18

1) 16
2) Biological

175 B
VS
80 NonB

Front 19

--- Nucleotide Biosynthesis ---
1) *** Synthesis Pathway is branched
2) *** Synthesis Pathway is not branched

Back 19

1) Purine
2) Pyrimidine

Front 20

--- Cholesterol ---
Important component for the manufacture of *** acids, *** hormones, and vitamin ***.

Back 20

bile --- steroid --- D

Front 21

Triacylglycerols are made of a glycerol *** with fatty acids *** at each hydroxyl.

Back 21

moiety
esterified

Front 22

--- Biotin in Fatty Acid Synthesis ---
1) Avidin has highest known ligand Kds for Biotin which is ### to ###M.
2) Avidin's affinity for biotin is exploited in *** and other biochemical ***.

Back 22

1) 10 - 15 M
2) ELISA --- assays

Front 23

--- AA Breakdown Pathways ---
Solely Ketogenic AAs....
1) *** gives product acetyl-CoA.
2) *** gives product acetoacetyl-CoA.
3) which can enter *** or create ***.

Back 23

1) Lysine
2) Leucine
3) TCA Cycle --- Ketone Bodies

Front 24

--- Haber-Bosch Process ---
1) Industrial process producing ***
2) from reagents *** and ***.
3) ***-based catalyst
4) Temperature...
5) Pressure...

Back 24

1) Ammonia
2) N2 and H2
3) iron
4) 400-500°C
5) 200 ATM

Front 25

--- Pyrimidine Biosynthesis ---
1) Starting substrate is *** which converted
2) into *** and *** in the cytosol of mammals
3) VIA the enzymatic action of ***.

Back 25

1) glutamINE
2) carbamoyl-phosphate and glutamATE
3) carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

Front 26

--- Cholesterol ---
Cholesterol is the principal *** synthesized predominantly in the *** by animals .

Back 26

sterol --- liver

Front 27

*** ***(mobilizes stored fat) is activated by P in a ***-mediated kinase cascade stimulated by glucagon or epinephrine or corticotropin.

Back 27

triacylglycerol lipase
cAMP

Front 28

--- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase ---
1) Bacteria - ### subunits
2) Higher plants/animals - - ### subunits

Back 28

1) 3
2) 1

Front 29

--- AA Breakdown ---
1) Step 1 is performed by the enzyme *** (AKA ***).
2) Amino-Acid/Keto-Acid pair utilized is *** and ***.

Back 29

1) Aminotransferases (AKA transaminases)
2) Glutamate and α-KetoGlutaric Acid

Front 30

GOGAT?

Back 30

glutamATE synthase

Front 31

--- Pyrimidine Biosynthesis ---
1st reaction resembles 1st step of urea cycle.
Except that *** replaces *** as the nitrogen donor.

Back 31

glutamINE replaces NH4+

[ammonium]

Front 32

--- Cholesterol ---
1) Belongs to a family of molecules called ***
2) which are all synthesized from the compound ***.
3) Family includes steroids, bile acids, g***, c*** and u***.

Back 32

1) terpenes
2) isoprene
3) gibberellins --- carotenoids --- ubiquinone

ubiquinone AKA CoQ10

Front 33

Triacylglycerol lipase is activated by P in a cAMP-mediated kinase cascade stimulated by the binding of *** or *** or *** to plasma membrane receptors.

Back 33

glucagon
epinephrine
corticotropin

Front 34

--- Bacteria Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase ---
Polypeptide Subunits...
1) *** c*** protein
2) *** c***
3) ***

Back 34

1) biotin carrier protein
2) biotin carboxylase
3) transcarboxylase

Front 35

The AA *** has a central role ammonia assimilation.

Back 35

Glutamate

Front 36

GS?

Back 36

GlutamINE Synthetase

Front 37

--- Nucleotide Biosynthesis ---
One clear difference in the synthesis of...
pyrimidine nucleotides and purine nucleotides is that...
ribose-5-phosphate is linked after *** synthesis of the ***...
rather than during synthesis.

Back 37

ring
base

Front 38

--- Cholesterol Biosynthesis ---
1) Pathway consists of ### stages and is
2) located in the *** of liver cells where
3) it begins with the starting compound ***.

Back 38

1) 4
2) cytosol
3) acetyl-CoA

Front 39

1) Triacylglycerol lipase catalyzes the release of fatty acids from...
2) Then *** lipase and *** lipase catalyze the release of the other fatty acids.

Back 39

1) carbons 1 or 3 of the glycerol moiety
2) Diacylglycerol --- monoacylglycerol

Front 40

--- Fatty Acid Synthase ---
1) FAS I is found in...
2) and has ### different functional activities and a main product of ***.
3) FAS II is found in...
4) and has products that are...

Back 40

1) vertebrates
3) 7 --- palmitic acid (16:0)
2) bacteria and plants
4) more variable

Front 41

Enzyme *** *** catalyzes net removal of N from AA pool.
1) One of few enzymes using........ as e-acceptor.
2) α-Carbon Oxidation is followed by ***, releasing ***.

Back 41

Glutamate Dehydrogenase
1) NAD+ or NADP+
2) hydrolysis --- NH4+

ammonium

Front 42

1 metric ton = ### grams

Back 42

1 000 000

Front 43

--- Key Regulators of Pyrimidine Biosynthesis ---
1) ATCase is used by *** and CPS II is used by ***.
2) CPS II is inhibited by....
3) CPS II is activated by....

Back 43

1) Bacteria --- Mammals
2) UTP
3) ATP and PRPP

Front 44

--- Stages of Cholesterol Biosynthesis ---
1) Condensation of ### acetate units forming ***... which is
2) converted into molecule *** (#-C)... which undergoes self
3) polymerization into molecule *** (#-C)... which undergoes
4) cyclization forming the steroid nucleus.

Back 44

1) 4 --- mevalonate
2) isoprene --- 5C
3) squalene --- 30C
4)

Front 45

--- Glycerol & Fatty Acid Products ---
1) Exit adipocyte tissue by *** *** and
2) move to the blood plasma where they bind *** ***
3) which can bind to up to *** FA molecules.

Back 45

1) passive diffusion
2) serum albumin
3) 10

Front 46

--- Synthesis Of Fatty Acids ---
1) Fatty Acids are assembled in ### steps.
2) When *** acid (#:#) forms it exits the cycle.
3) The acetyl group carbons... methyl C becomes C-#
4) and carboxyl C becomes C-# of the new F.A.

Back 46

1) four
2) palmitate --- 16:0
3) C-16
4) C-15

Front 47

--- Excretion of Ammonia ---
1) Kidney use GLDH and *** to form ammonia.
2) Non-Kidney Tissues use GLDH and *** to form urea.
3) Hepatic Tissues converts *** to ***.

Back 47

1) glutamINase
2) glutamINE synthetase
3) ammonia to urea

NH3 to CO(NH2)2

Front 48

--- Ammonia Assimilation ---
Bacteria and Plants (not mammals) use these two sequential enzymes...

Back 48

(GS) GlutamINE Synthetase
and
(GOGAT) glutamATE synthase

Front 49

ATCase(Bacteria) and CPS II(Mammals) are key regulators of *** biosynthesis

Back 49

Pyrimidine

Front 50

--- Action Words of Cholesterol Biosynthesis ---
1) ***
2) ***
3) ***
4) ***

Back 50

1) Condensation
2) Conversion
3) Polymerization
4) Cyclization

Front 51

Glycerol taken up by the liver...
1) P'ed and *** to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and then
2) *** to glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate and
3) used in *** or ***.

Back 51

1) reduced
2) isomerized
3) glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

Front 52

--- F.A. Anabolism VS Catabolism ---
Beta-oxidation
1) Electron acceptor?
2) Carrier for acyl groups?
Fatty Acid Synthesis
3) Electron donor?
4) Carrier intermediates?

Back 52

1) NAD and FAD
2) CoA
3) NADPH
4) Two different -SH groups

Front 53

--- Excretion of Ammonia ---
1) Normal serum concentrations are ### to ### mM .
2) Levels above ### mM causes alkalosis and neurotoxicity.

Back 53

1) 20-40 mM
2) 400 mM

Front 54

glutamATE synthase (GOGAT)
1) Reagents?
2) Products?
3) Used by mammals?

Back 54

1) glutamINE + α-ketogluarate + NADPH
2) glutamATE (2) + NADP+
3) NO

Front 55

ATCase?

Back 55

(Aspartate TransCarbamoylASE)

Front 56

--- HMG-CoA Reductase ---
1) Is used in Step ### of *** synthesis and
2) exists as an *** membrane protein of the ***(organelle)
3) where it serves as a *** *** *** and synthesizes mevalonate.

Back 56

1) 1 --- Cholesterol
2) integral --- ER
3) key regulatory enzyme

Front 57

Glycerol taken up by the liver...
1) P'ed and reduced to *** ***
2) isomerized to *** *** and
used in glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.

Back 57

1) dihydroxyacetone phosphate
2) glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate

Front 58

--- Active Sites of Fatty Acid Synthase ---
1) Yeast - ### large polypeptide.
2) Vertebrates - ### large polypeptide.
3) In ***, its activity requires interaction of both polypeptides.

Back 58

1) two
2) one
3) Vertebrates

Front 59

--- Excess Ammonia [NH3] ---
1) Enzyme ***: [NH3] + glutamATE >>> glutamINE.
Back-Up Plan 2
2) Reversal of Enzyme ***: [NH3] + α-ketoglutarate >>> glutamATE.
3) Low levels of α-ketoglutarate impairs ***.

Back 59

1) glutamINE synthase
2) GLDH (glutamATE dehydrogenase)
3) TCA Cycle

Front 60

GlutamINE Synthetase (GS)
1) Reagents?
2) Products?
3) Used by mammals?

Back 60

1) glutamATE + NH3 + ATP
2) glutamINE + ADP + Pi
3) YES

Front 61

CPS II?

Back 61

CarbamoylPhosphate Synthase II

Front 62

--- Cholesterol Biosynthesis ---
*** is the key regulatory enzyme.

Back 62

HMG-CoA Reductase

Front 63

--- Stage of Fatty Acid Oxidation ---
1) Activation of fatty ***
2) Transfer and transport of *** group to *** and
3) Beta-oxidation cycle in the ***.

Back 63

1) acyl-CoA
2) acyl --- carnitine
3) mitochondria

Front 64

--- Acyl Carrier Protein ---
1) The *** prosthetic group is a flexible arm tethering the growing
2) FA chain to the surface of the fatty acid *** complex carrying
3) reaction intermediates from...

Back 64

1) 4 '-phosphopantetheine
2) synthase
3) one enzyme active to the next

Front 65

*** is a neurotransmitter and precursor for GABA.

Back 65

Glutamate

Front 66

GLutamATE DeHydrogenase (GLDH)
1) Reagents?
2) Products?
3) Used by mammals?

Back 66

1) α-ketogluarate + NH4 + (NADPH or NADH)
2) glutamATE + (NADP+ or NAD+)
3) YES

Front 67

PRPP?

Back 67

PhosphoRibosyl PyroPhosphate

Front 68

--- Cholesterol/Lipid Transport ---
1) C/L from food is packaged as....
2) C/L from the liver is packaged as...
3) Reverse C/L transport is packaged as...

Back 68

1) Chylomicrons
2) VLDL
3) HDL

Front 69

Fatty acids are metabolized primarily as *** of CoA.

Back 69

thioesters

Front 70

--- Fatty Acid Synthase ---
1) It is composed of # enzymes and ***.
2) The flexible *** arm of *** reaches all active sites and
3) carrying the growing *** *** chain from one site to the next.

Back 70

1) 6 --- ACP
2) pantetheine of ACP
3) fatty acyl

Front 71

Glutamine contains a *** group at its terminal end.

Back 71

CONH2

Front 72

--- Nitrogen Fixation ---
1) Mammals lack the enzyme *** which
2) converts *** into ***.

Back 72

1) glutamATE synthase (GOGAT)
2) glutamINE into (2)glutamATE

Front 73

PRPP synthetase?

Back 73

PhosphoRibosyl PyroPhosphate synthetase

Front 74

--- Cholesterol Biosynthesis ---
1) Acetate is shuttled out of the *** (organelle) into the ***
2) as *** in a shuttle system also used during *** *** synthesis.

Back 74

1) mitochondria --- cytosol
2) Citrate --- Fatty Acid Synthesis

Front 75

--- Components of CoA---
1) ***
2) ***
3) ***

Back 75

1) Pantotenic acid
2) 3-phosphoadenoside diphsophate
3) b-mercaptoethylamine

Front 76

--- NADPH Sources for FA Biosynthesis ---
Adipose Tissue
1) 1st from the action of *** ***
2) 2nd from the...
3) In *** Tissues this order is reversed.

Back 76

1) malic enzyme
2) PPP(pentose phosphate pathway)
3) Liver/Mammary Tissues

Front 77

Glutamate contains a *** group at its terminal end.

Back 77

COOH

Front 78

Nitrate?

Back 78

NO3−

Front 79

IMP?

Back 79

inosine 5’-phosphate

Front 80

--- Cholesterol/Lipids ---
1) ***(modification) of Cholesterol increases lipophilicity.
2) Both C&L are transported in the blood as ***.

Back 80

1) Esterification
2) Lipoproteins

Front 81

--- Pantothenic Acid ---
1) AKA vitamin *** and is water-soluble.
2) Chemically it is the amide between *** and ***.
3) It's required for ACP(*** *** ***) involved in F.A. biosynthesis.

Back 81

1) B5
2) D-pantoate and beta-alanine
3) acyl carrier protein (ACP)

Front 82

--- Fatty Acid Catabolism ---
Beta-Oxidation is down-regulated in diets w/sufficient ***.

Back 82

carbohydrates

Front 83

Glutamic Acid is AKA ***.

Back 83

Glutamate

Front 84

Nitrite?

Back 84

NO2−

Front 85

--- Regulation of Pyrimidine Biosynthesis ---
In animals, there is an additional point of regulation...
The enzyme *** is competitively inhibited by its product ***.

Back 85

OMP decarboxylase --- UMP

Front 86

--- Lipoprotein Compositions ---
1) *** are the least dense.
2) *** are highest in Protein.

Back 86

1) Chylomicrons
2) HDL

Front 87

--- Fatty-Acid Metabolism ---
1) Most natural unsaturated F.A.s are cis/trans
2) The intermediates of saturated F.A.s are cis/trans.

Back 87

1) cis
2) trans

Front 88

--- Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ---
1) *** is the first enzyme in F.A. synthesis.
2) *** limits the transport of F.A. into the mitochondrial matrix for beta-oxidation.

Back 88

1) ACC (Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase)
2) Carnitine Acyltransferase I

Front 89

GLDH?

Back 89

GLutamate DeHydrogenase

Front 90

NiR?

Back 90

Nitrite Reductase
NO3−
ITE

Front 91

--- Comparison of Carbamoylphosphate Synthases ---
CPS I --- CPS II
1) Pathway?
2) Nitrogen Source?
3) Located?
4) Activator?
5) Inhibitor?

Back 91

1) Urea Cycle --- Pyrimidine Biosynthesis
2) NH4+ --- Glutamine
3) Mitochondria --- Cytosol
4) N-Acetylglutamate --- PRPP
5) none --- UTP

Front 92

--- Lipoprotein Compositions ---
1) *** are highest in Cholesteryl Esters.
2) *** are highest in Free Cholesterol.

Back 92

1) LDL
2) VLDL & LDL

Front 93

--- Intermediates in Fatty-Acid Metabolism ---
1) Saturated F.A.s give *** delta-*#*-unsaturated acyl-CoA.
2) UnSaturated F.A.s give *** delta-*#*-unsaturated acyl-CoA.

Back 93

1) trans --- 2
2) trans --- 3

Front 94

--- Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ---
High-carbohydrate meal raises blood *** levels
(1) triggering *** release.
(2) ACC is *** becoming active which then
(3) catalyzes the formation of *** which inhibits
(4) carnitine *** I thereby stopping the F.A. shuttle.

Back 94

glucose
(1) insulin
(2) deP'ed
(3) malonyl-CoA (1st intermediate of F.A. synthesis)
(4) acyltransferase

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase(ACC)

Front 95

--- Urea Cycle Enzymes ---
1) Mitochondria uses...
2) Cytosol uses...

Back 95

1) OTC (Ornithine TransCarbamoylase)
2)
ASS (ArgininoSuccinate Synthase)
ASL (ArgininoSuccinate Lyase)
Arginase

Front 96

NR?

Back 96

Nitrate Reductase
NO2−
ate

Front 97

--- Formation of deoxyRNA---
1) Synthesized from ***.
2) Catalyzed by an enzyme called *** that uses
3) a free *** at an active ***(AA) in the R2 site.

Back 97

1) ribonucleotides
2) RR (Ribonucleotide Reductase)
3) radical --- tyrosine

Front 98

--- Lipoprotein Compositions ---
1) The *** converts cholesterol into bile salts....
2) it does NOT uptake cholesterol packaged as...

Back 98

1) liver
2) HDL

Front 99

--- Omega Oxidation of Fatty Acids ---
1) Occurs in these organs...
2) within these organelles...
3) w/preferred substrates of ### or ### C-atoms.

Back 99

1) Endoplasmic Reticulum
2) liver and kidney
3) 10 or 12

Front 100

--- Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ---
When blood glucose levels drop
(5) *** release activates ***-dependent PKA which
(6) *** and inactivates the enzyme *** causing malonyl-CoA levels to
(7) fall and the resumption of the F.A shuttle into the *** *** AND
(8) becoming the major fuel.

Back 100

(5) glucagon --- cAMP
(6) Ps -- ACC
(7) mitochondrial matrix
(8)

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase(ACC)

Front 101

--- Regulation of Urea Cycle ---
1) High concentrations of *** increases flux thru urea cycle.
It stimulates synthesis of N-acetylglutamate which is an
2) allosteric activator of the enzyme ***.

Back 101

1) arginine

2) CPSI

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I

Front 102

-- Amino Group Xfer to all AA ---
1) Proceeds from the substrate *** via enzymatic action of a ***.

Back 102

1) glutamate --- transaminase

Front 103

--- Synthesis of Deoxthymidylic Acid ---
dTMP is formed from dUMP thru the enzymatic action of ***

Back 103

thymidylate synthase

Front 104

--- Cholesterol Delivery ---
1) Xport from liver to extrahepatic tissue as...
2) Excess extrahepatic cholesterol is transported back as...
3)
4)

Back 104

1) LDL
2) HDL
3)
4)

Front 105

--- Fatty Acid Metabolism ---
1) Mitochondrial b-oxidation acts at the *** end.
2) Endoplasmic Reticulum b-oxidation acts at the *** end.

Back 105

1) carboxyl
2) omega

Front 106

--- Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ---
Glucagon...
1) Triggers the mobilization of fatty acids in *** tissue.
2) Causes the enzyme *** to be P'ed becoming *** which....
3) starts the F.A. *** and subsequent metabolism of F.A. .

Back 106

1) adipose
2) ACC --- inactive.
3) shuttle

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase(ACC)

Front 107

1) Alanine is converted to *** as the
2) amino group is transferred to ***
3) VIA the enzymatic action of ***.

Back 107

1) pyruvate
2) α-ketoglutarate
3) Aminotransferase

Front 108

-- Nitrate [NO3-] Reduction to Ammonia ---
1) Not found in ***.
2) Cytosolic NR (NitrATE Reductase) converts *** to ***.
3) Chloroplastic NiR (NitrITE Reductase) converts *** to ***.
4) e- come from *** in the photosynthetic ETC.

Back 108

1) animals
2) NO3- to NO2-
3) NO2- to NH4+
4) reduced ferredoxin

Front 109

Thymidine is also known as ***(based on uracil)

Back 109

5-methyluracil

Front 110

--- Cholesterol Delivery ---
The liver takes up the *** of LDL, VLDL, and chylomicron by ***.

Back 110

remnants
endocytosis

Front 111

--- Omega Oxidation of Fatty Acids ---
1) 1st step --- CYP adds *** group onto the omega-C
2) which comes from *** and involves the electron donor ***.
3) 2nd step --- ADH oxidizes hydroxyl group to an ***.
4) ALDH oxidizes this group to an ***.

Back 111

1) hydroxyl
2) molecular oxygen (O2) --- NADPH

Front 112

--- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) ---
Allosteric Inhibition
1) ***
Allosteric Activation
2) ***

Back 112

1) palmitoyl-CoA
2) Citrate
3)
4)

Front 113

CPSI?

Back 113

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I

Front 114

-- Nitrate [NO3-] Reduction to Ammonia ---
1) Not found in ***.
2) Cytosol contains this enzyme...
3) Chloroplast contains this enzyme...

Back 114

1) NitrATE Reductase (NR)
2) NitrITE Reductase (NiR)

Front 115

RR?

Back 115

Ribonucleotide Reductase

Front 116

--- Lipoprotein Compositions ---
1) Good cholesterol is AKA...
2) Bad cholesterol is AKA...

Back 116

1) HDL
2) LDL

Front 117

--- Omega Oxidation of Fatty Acids ---
1) Enzymes of the 1st step.
2) Enzymes of the 2nd step.

Back 117

1) cytochrome P450
2) Alcohol DeHydrogenase --- ALdehyde DeHydrogenase.

Front 118

--- Fatty Acid Desaturation ---
Vertebrates
1) Performed by a *** type enzyme located on the
2) *** face of the ***(organelle). Both
3) *** and *** undergo oxidation by Molecular Oxygen.

Back 118

1) Mixed-Function Oxidase
2) lumenal face --- smooth ER
3) fatty acyl-CoA and NADPH

Front 119

Glutaminase is an enzyme generating *** from ***.

Back 119

glutamATE from glutamINE

Front 120

Nitrate Reductase (NR)
1) Reagents?
2) Products?
3) Used by mammals?
4) Location?

Back 120

(Nitrate is NO3−)
1) NO3- + NADPH
2) NO2- + H2O
3) Nope
4) Cytosol

Front 121

--- Formation of deoxyRNA---
1) Synthesized from ***.
2) Catalyzed by an enzyme called *** that uses
3) a free *** at an active ***(AA) in the R2 site.

Back 121

1) ribonucleotides
2) RR (Ribonucleotide Reductase)
3) radical --- tyrosine

Front 122

--- Apolipoprotein Location ---
1) ApoA-I???
2) ApoB-100??
3) ApoC-II???
4) ApoE???

Back 122

1) HDL
2) LDL
3) Chylomicrons, VLDL and HDL
4) Chylomicrons, VLDL and HDL

Front 123

--- Omega Oxidation of Fatty Acids ---
1) 2nd step --- ADH oxidizes hydroxyl group to an ***.
2) ALDH oxidizes this group to an ***.

Back 123

1) aldehyde
2) carboxylic acid

Front 124

--- Other Fatty Acids ---
1) Omega-3s are ***unsaturated F.A.s with a
2) double bond after the ### C atom from
3) the *** end of the C-chain.

Back 124

1) poly
2) 3rd
3) methyl

Front 125

Nitrite Reductase (NiR)
1) Reagents?
2) Products?
3) Used by mammals?
4) Location?

Back 125

(Nitrite is NO2−)
1) NO2- + 6e- + 8H+
2) NH4+ + (2)H2P
3) Nope
4) Chloroplast

Front 126

--- Synthesis of Deoxthymidylic Acid ---
dTMP is formed from dUMP thru the enzymatic action of ***

Back 126

thymidylate synthase

Front 127

--- Apolipoprotein Location ---
Apo*** is found in HDL

Back 127

ApoA-I

Front 128

--- Omega Oxidation of Fatty Acids ---
1) 3rd step --- *** end can be attached to CoA and enter the
mitochondria undergoing normal b-oxidation.
2) Each pass of the "***-ended" F.A. through the pathway
3) yields dicarboxylic acids such as *** and ***.

Back 128

1) Either

2) double
3) succinate --- adipate

Front 129

--- Omega Fatty Acids ---
Omega-3 fatty acids synthesized from ALA
1) ***
2) ***
Omega-6 fatty acids synthesized from LA
3) ***
4) ***

Back 129

1) (EPA) EicosaPentaenoic Acid
2) (DHA) DocosaHexaenoic Acid
3) (AA) Arachidonic Acid
4) ---

Front 130

Ammonia?
Ammonium?

Back 130

NH3
NH4+

Front 131

Thymidine is also known as ***(based on uracil)

Back 131

5-methyluracil

Front 132

--- Apolipoprotein Location ---
Apo*** is found in LDL

Back 132

ApoB-100

Front 133

-- Synthesis of Ketone Bodies ---
1) In fasting or diabetes, OAA is used for *** formation...
2) and *** units from acetyl-CoA are diverted to...
3) form the ketone bodies acetoacetate, *** and acetone.

Back 133

1) glucose
2) acetate
3) D-beta-hydroxybutyrate

Front 134

--- Omega Fatty Acids ---
1) Linoleic Acid (LA) is an ***-# fatty acid
2) α-Linolenic Acid (ALA) is an ***-# fatty acid
3) Both are considered *** fatty acids.

Back 134

1) omega-6
2) omega-3
3) essential

Front 135

-- Amino Group Xfer to all AA ---
1) Proceeds from the substrate *** via enzymatic action of a ***.

Back 135

1) glutamate --- transaminase

Front 136

RR?

Back 136

Ribonucleotide Reductase

Front 137

--- Apolipoprotein Location ---
Apo*** is found in Chylomicrons, VLDL and HDL

Back 137

ApoC-II
ApoE

Front 138

-- Synthesis of Ketone Bodies ---
are collectively know as...
1) ***
2) ***
3) ***

Back 138

1) acetoacetate
2) D-beta-hydroxybutyrate
3) acetone

Front 139

Phosphatidate Is the Precursor of Both *** and ***.

Back 139

Triglycerides and Glycerophospholipids

Front 140

-- Nitrate [NO3-] Reduction to Ammonia ---
1) Not found in ***.
2) Cytosolic NR (NitrATE Reductase) converts *** to ***.
3) Chloroplastic NiR (NitrITE Reductase) converts *** to ***.
4) e- come from *** in the photosynthetic ETC.

Back 140

1) animals
2) NO3- to NO2-
3) NO2- to NH4+
4) reduced ferredoxin

Front 141

--- Degradation of Purines ---
End product in...
1) Primates, reptiles and birds
2) Other mammals, reptiles and mollusks
3) Aquatic invertebrates

Back 141

1) uric acid
2) allantoic acid or urea[CO(NH2)2]
3) ammonia [NH3]

Front 142

--- Cholesterol ---
1) Greatest Consumer of Cholesterol...
2) # distinct mechanisms control Cellular Supply of Cholesterol.

Back 142

1) synthesis of bile acid
2) 3

Front 143

-- Ketone Bodies ---
1) Acetone is formed by spontaneous *** of *** as well as...
2) the catalytic action of the enzyme *** ***.
3) Acetone can/can't be converted back to ***.

Back 143

1) decarboxylation of acetoacetate
2) acetoacetate decarboxylase
3) can't --- acetyl-CoA

Front 144

LA?

Back 144

Linoleic Acid

Front 145

-- Nitrate [NO3-] Reduction to Ammonia ---
1) Not found in ***.
2) Cytosol contains this enzyme...
3) Chloroplast contains this enzyme...

Back 145

1) NitrATE Reductase (NR)
2) NitrITE Reductase (NiR)

Front 146

--- Degradation of Purines ---
1) End product *** is only sparingly soluble in water.
2) Overproduction results in deposits in *** and cartilaginous tissues.
3) Resulting in a disease called ***.

Back 146

1) Uric acid
2) kidneys
3) gout

Front 147

--- Cholesterol in Normal Adults ---
1) Synthesize # ***/day
2) Consume # ***/day
3) De *** synthesis maintains constant cholesterol level
4) in the body of # - # weight/volume.

Back 147

1) 1 g/day
2) 0.3 g/day
3) novo
4) 150 - 200 mg/dL

Front 148

-- Ketone Bodies ---
1) Unlike F.A. are *** and can cross the *** barrier.
2) Synthesis in liver is effectively *** because the...
3) enzyme catalyzing the conversion of *** to *** isn't present.

Back 148

1) water soluble --- blood-brain
2) irreversible
3) acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA

Front 149

ALA?

Back 149

α-Linolenic acid

Front 150

Nitrate Reductase (NR)
1) Reagents?
2) Products?
3) Used by mammals?
4) Location?

Back 150

(Nitrate is NO3−)
1) NO3- + NADPH
2) NO2- + H2O
3) Nope
4) Cytosol

Front 151

--- Degradation of Purines ---
1) Urease, used by *** Invertebrates,
2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of *** into...
3) *** and ***.

Back 151

1) Aquatic
2) urea [(NH2)2CO]
3) CO2 and ammonia[NH3]

Front 152

--- Regulation: Cholesterol Metabolism ---
1) Regulation of *** activity / level.
2) Regulation of excess intracellular free cholesterol by ***.
3) Regulation of *** cholesterol levels via...
LDL receptor-mediated *** and HDL-mediated *** ***.

Back 152

1) HMGR (HMG CoA Reductase)
2) ACAT (acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase)
3) plasma
uptake --- reverse transport

Front 153

-- Ketone Bodies ---
1) *** and *** are synthesized in the mitochondria of
2) *** cells where they then diffuse into the bloodstream
3) and are metabolized by the *** and ***.

Back 153

1) acetoacetate and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate
2) liver
3) brain and muscles

Front 154

*** Is the Precursor of Both Triglycerides and Glycerophospholipids

Back 154

Phosphatidate

Front 155

Nitrite Reductase (NiR)
1) Reagents?
2) Products?
3) Used by mammals?
4) Location?

Back 155

(Nitrite is NO2−)
1) NO2- + 6e- + 8H+
2) NH4+ + (2)H2P
3) Nope
4) Chloroplast

Front 156

--- Degradation of Purines ---
1) Primates excrete ***. Other mammals undergo
2) an additional reaction involving the enzyme ***
3) which converts it into *** for excretion.

Back 156

1) uric acid
2) urate oxidase
3) allantoin

Front 157

--- Regulation: HMG CoA Reductase ---
1) Main function is to...
2) Most active form is...
3) P'tion occurs through the enzyme *** when
4) the levels of *** decrease/increase.

Back 157

1) synthesize cholesterol
2) deP'ed
3) AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)
4) AMP --- increase

Front 158

-- Synthesis of Ketone Bodies ---
are collectively know as...
1) ***
2) ***
3) ***

Back 158

1) acetoacetate
2) D-beta-hydroxybutyrate
3) acetone

Front 159

Ammonia?
Ammonium?

Back 159

NH3
NH4+

Front 160

--- Degradation of Purines ---
Final Metabolites from First to Last
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Back 160

1) Uric Acid
2) Allantoin
3) Allantoate
4) Urea
5) Ammonia

Front 161

--- Regulation: AMPK Activity ---
1) Main function of enzyme is to...
2) It activates *** functions...
3) and deactivates *** functions...

Back 161

1) P(inhibit) HMGR (HMG CoA Reductase)
2) catabolism - (glucose Xport, glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation)
3) anabolism (fatty acid, cholesterol, protein biosynthesis)

Front 162

--- Ketone Bodies ---
Under normal conditions:
1) Utilized as energy source in *** and ***.
Under starvation conditions:
2) *** can derive ### % of it’s energy from here.
3) Spares *** protein from being scavenged for ***.

Back 162

1) cardiac muscle --- renal cortex
2) Brain --- 70%
3) muscle --- gluconeogenesis

Front 163

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
The *** is a classic branched pathway.

Back 163

aspartate-family

Front 164

--- Degradation of Pyrimidines ---
1) methylmalonic semialdehyde is an intermediate of....
2) this is diverted into...

Back 164

1) Thymine
2) TCA cycle

Front 165

--- HMG-CoA Reductase ---
1_ Rate controlling enzyme of the *** pathway
2) which controls synthesis of ***.

Back 165

1) Mevalonate Pathway
2) cholesterol

Front 166

--- Ketone Bodies ---
***: May occur during starvation, diabetes or alcoholism

Back 166

Ketoacidosis

Front 167

*** is a Compound that is...
1) a PPP intermediate
2) Involved w/synthesis of aromatic AAs

Back 167

erythrose-4-phosphate

Front 168

--- Degradation of Pyrimidines ---
1) malonic semialdehyde is an intermediate of....
2) this is diverted into...

Back 168

1) Cytidine --- Uridine
2) fatty acid synthesis

Front 169

--- Mevalonate Pathway ---
1) Rate-controlling enzyme is...
2) Pathway produces cholesterol and other ***.

Back 169

1) HMGCR (HMG-CoA Reductase)
2) isoprenoids

Front 170

--- Ketoacidosis ---
1) Acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels in s***...
2) lower blood pH below ### and sometimes as low as ###.
2) Normal pH of blood is ### to ###.

Back 170

1) serum
2) 7.35 --- 6.9
3) 7.35-7.45

Front 171

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
α-ketoglutarate is the starting substrate for...

Back 171

glutamate family AAs

Front 172

--- Degradation of Pyrimidines ---
Thymine
1) Intermediates?
2) Final product is...

Back 172

1) methylmalonic semialdehyde
methylmalonyl-CoA
succinyl-CoA
2) TCA cycle

Front 173

--- ATP VS AMP ---
1) *** is a better indicator of a cell’s energetic state.
2) *** is normally found at higher concentrations.

Back 173

1) AMP
2) ATP

Front 174

--- Regulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation ---
In the liver, fatty acyl-CoA formed in the cytosol has these pathways...
1) *** in the *** or
2) *** in the ***.

Back 174

1) b-oxidation --- mitochondria
2) conversion into triacylglycerols and phospholipids --- cytosol

Front 175

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
oxaloacetate is the starting substrate for...

Back 175

aspartate family AAs

Front 176

--- Degradation of Pyrimidines ---
Cytidine --- Uridine
1) Intermediates?
2) Final product is...

Back 176

1) malonic semialdehyde
malonyl-CoA
2) fatty acid synthesis

Front 177

--- ATP VS AMP ---
1) Typical ATP concentrations are...
2) Typical AMP concentrations are...

Back 177

1) 5-10 mM
2) 0.1 mM or less

Front 178

--- Regulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation ---
Inhibition of transferring fatty acyl-CoA into the mitochondria.
1) Inhibition of *** acyltransferase I by ***-CoA.
2) Inhibition of *** dehydrogenase by an elevated ratio of [NADH]/[NAD+].
3) Inhibition of *** by high levels of acetyl-CoA.

Back 178

1) carnitine --- malonyl
2) beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA
3) thiolase

Front 179

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
pyruvate is the starting substrate for...

Back 179

branched-chain group AAs

Front 180

--- Salvage Pathways for Purines ---
1) APRT catalyzes the conversion of....
2) into...

Back 180

1) PRPP and adenine
2) AMP

APRT (Adenine PhosphoRibosylTransferase)
PRPP (PhosphoRibosyl PyroPhosphate)

Front 181

--- ATP VS AMP ---
If ATP drops by 10% then AMP drops by ***%.

Back 181

600%

Front 182

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
3-phosphoglycerate is the starting substrate for...

Back 182

serine-glycine-cysteine group AAs

Front 183

--- Salvage Pathways for Purines ---
1) HGPRT catalyzes the conversion of....
2) into...

Back 183

1) PRPP and (hypoxanthine OR guanine)
2) IMP OR GMP

Hypoxanthine-Guanine PhosphoRibosylTransferase (HGPRT)

Front 184

muscular contraction
1) ATP + H2O > ???
adenylate kinase
2) ADP + ADP > ???

Back 184

1) ADP + Pi
2) AMP + ATP

Front 185

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
phosphoenolpyruvate is the starting substrate for...

Back 185

aromatic family AAs
(also needs erythrose-4-phosphate)

Front 186

Hypoxanthine is a purine/pyrimidine derivative whose nucleoside is called ***.

Back 186

purine --- inosine

Front 187

adenylate kinase
??? > ???

Back 187

ADP + ADP
>>>
AMP + ATP

Front 188

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
erythrose-4-phosphate is the starting substrate for...

Back 188

aromatic family AAs
(also needs phosphoenolpyruvate)

Front 189

The purine base of Inosine is called...

Back 189

Hypoxanthine

Front 190

--- Regulation: Other Hormones & Cholesterol Metabolism ---
1) Glucagon and Epinephrine reduce HMGR activity via ***...
2) Insulin increases HMGR activity via ***....

Back 190

1) PKA and PPI-1 (deP'ed HMGR = less C)
2) PKB (P'ed HMGR = more C)

Front 191

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
In bacteria, Threonine (aspartate-family) serves as a precursor to *** (branched-chain AA).

Back 191

Isoleucine

Front 192

Name the forms of U in its Salvage Pathway...

Back 192

uracil [base]
uridine [base + ribose]
UMP [base + ribose + phosphate]

Front 193

--- Regulation: Other Hormones & Cholesterol Metabolism ---
1) Hormones *** reduces C synthesis.
2) Hormones *** increases C synthesis.

Back 193

1) Glucagon and Epinephrine
2) Insulin

Front 194

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
Glutamate Family AAs include...

Back 194

Glutamate
Glutamine
Proline
Arginine
(from α-ketoglutarate)

Front 195

Name the forms of T in its Salvage Pathway...

Back 195

thymine [base]
thymidine [base + deoxyribose]
dTMP [base + deoxyribose + phosphate]

Front 196

SCAP?

Back 196

SREBP Cleavage Activating Protein

Front 197

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
Aspartate Family AAs include...

Back 197

Apartate
Asparagine
Methionine
Threonine
(from oxaloacetate)

Front 198

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
Branched-Chain Group AAs include...

Back 198

Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
(from pyruvate)

Front 199

--- Salvage Pathways for Pyrimidines ---
base [E1] base+ribose [E2] base+ribose+P
1) E1 is called...
2) E2 is called....
3) What E releases P?

Back 199

1) [base] phosphorylase
2) [base] kinase
3) E1

Front 200

SREBP?

Back 200

Sterol Regulation Element-Binding Protein

Front 201

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
3-Phosphoplycerate is the metabolic precursor of what AAs?

Back 201

Serine
Glycine
Cysteine

Front 202

--- Thymine vs Uracil ---
T differs from U in that it....

Back 202

has an additional...
5' methyl group

Front 203

--- Regulation: Gene Expression & Cholesterol Biosynthesis ---
1) Transcriptional Regulation controls gene expression of *** via a
2) family of proteins called *** which activate transcription upon binding DNA.

Back 203

1) HMG-CoA reductase.
2) SREBPs (Sterol Regulation Element-Binding Proteins)

Front 204

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
Aromatic Family AAs include..

Back 204

Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
(from phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate)

Front 205

--- Thymine vs Uracil ---
U differs from T in that it....

Back 205

lacks a...
5' methyl group

Front 206

--- SREBP Activation ---
1) SREBP are transcriptional activators of *** and are initially found
2) bound with *** in the membrane of the *** causing it to be inactive.
3) When *** levels decrease, the complex migrates to the *** where its
N-terminal domain is cleaved 2x and migrates to the nucleus
where it activates transcription of sterol-regulated genes.

Back 206

1) HMGR (HMG-CoA Reductase)
2) ER membrane --- SCAP
3) sterol --- Golgi

SREBPs (Sterol Regulation Element-Binding Proteins)
SCAP (SREBP cleavage activating protein).

Front 207

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
These AAs are derived from α-ketoglutarate...

Back 207

Glutamate
Glutamine
Proline
Arginine

Front 208

--- Mevalonate Synthesis Pathway ---
High flux through this pathways causes high/low rate of HMGR degradation.

Back 208

high

Front 209

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
These AAs are derived from oxaloacetate...

Back 209

Apartate
Asparagine
Methionine
Threonine

Front 210

--- Mevalonate Synthesis Pathway ---
1) HMGR is localized to the *** and
2) like SREBP contains a *** domain.
3) *** concentrations of sterol increase HMGR degradation
4) which occurs within a multiprotein complex called the ***.

Back 210

1) ER
2) SSD (Sterol-Sensing Domain)
3) Increasing
4) proteosome

Front 211

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
These AAs are derived from pyruvate...

Back 211

Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine

Front 212

The primary signal directing proteins to the proteosome is a # kDa protein called ***.

Back 212

7.6 kDa
ubiquitination

Front 213

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
These AAs are derived from 3-Phosphoplycerate...

Back 213

Serine
Glycine
Cysteine

Front 214

--- Regulation: ACAT & Cholesterol ---
High C concentrations activate ACAT which increases *** of cholesterol for .

Back 214

esterfication --- storage

ACAT (Acyl-CoA-Cholesterol AcetylTransferase)

Front 215

--- Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways ---
These AAs are derived from phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate...

Back 215

Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine

Front 216

--- Regulation: LDL Receptor & Cholesterol ---
High C levels diminish transcription of LDL receptor genes leading to...
1) +/- number of LDL Receptors and
2) decreased transport of cholesterol from the *** to the ***.

Back 216

1) -
2) blood --- cytosol

Front 217

--- Vitamin B6 ---
1) Its active form is AKA ***.
2) Coenzyme in all *** reactions and a
3) coenzyme in some *** and *** reactions.

Back 217

1) Pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP)
2) transamination
3) decarboxylation and deamination

Front 218

--- Physiological Functions of Bile Acid ---
1) Only significant mechanism for...
2) Prevents precipitation of *** in the ***.
3) *** agent for triacylglycerols\fat digestion via *** from the ***.
4) Facilitates absorption of...

Back 218

1) cholesterol elimination
2) cholesterol --- gallbladder
3) Emulsifying --- lipases --- pancreas
4) fat-soluble vitamins

Front 219

--- Vitamin B6 ---
1) The *** group of PLP forms a *** linkage with the...
2) ε-amino group of a specific *** in the aminotransferase enzyme
3) and catalyzes what's called a *** (double-displacement) reaction.

Back 219

1) aldehyde --- Schiff-base
2) lysine
3) ping-pong

Front 220

--- Lipases ---
1) Enzyme that catalyzing the formation or cleavage of *** molecules.
2) They are a subclass of *** enzymes.

Back 220

1) fats
2) esterases

Front 221

--- Essential Amino Acids ---

Back 221

--- Essential Amino Acids ---

Front 222

--- Conjugated Bile Salts ---
Amide bonds with *** or ***

Back 222

glycine or taurine

Front 223

--- Conditionally Essential Amino Acids ---

Back 223

--- Conditionally Essential Amino Acids ---

Front 224

--- Statin Drugs ---
1) Act through *** inhibition of the enzyme *** which
2) reduces intracellular cholesterol levels causing the ***
3) to upregulate expression of *** leading to the increased
4) clearance of *** from the bloodstream.

Back 224

1) competitive --- HMGR (HMG-CoA reductase)
2) liver
3) LDL receptor
4) LDL (low-density lipoprotein)

Front 225

--- NonEssential Amino Acids ---

Back 225

--- NonEssential Amino Acids ---

Front 226

Bile Acids OR Salts???
1) Best emulsifying agent?
2) pKa of 4-5
3) OH groups on same side

Back 226

1) Salt
2) Salt
3) Acids

Front 227

--- Aspartate-Family Amino Acid Regulation ---

Back 227

--- Aspartate-Family Amino Acid Regulation ---

Front 228

--- Bile Salts & Acids ---
Conjugated Bile Salts
1) "Good/Better" emulsifying agents
2) pKa is "higher/lower"
3) Chemically unique in that...

Back 228

1) Better
2) lower --- 4-5 pKa
3) Amide bonds with glycine or taurine

Front 229

--- Bile Acids & Salts ---
Primary Bile Acids
1) "Good/Better" emulsifying agents
2) pKa is "higher/lower"
3) Chemically unique in that...

Back 229

1) Good
2) higher --- 5-6 pKa
3) all OH groups are on same side