1-14 Snow Antigens

Front 1

How does snow define an antigen?

Back 1

any substance that binds specifically to an antibody or a T cell antigen receptor

Front 2

What is an antibody?
It is synonymous with the term...
They may be found where?

Back 2

a protein produced by B cells that binds specifically to an antigen
immunoglobulin (Ig)
They can be on the surface of B cells or secreted as soluble proteins

Front 3

What is the TCR?

What is an MHC?

Back 3

T cell antigen Receptor
a complex of proteins on the surface of T cells that binds specifically to peptide antigens bound to an MHC:
major histocompatibility complex protein on the surface of other cells

Front 4

And compare/contrast immunogen and antigen

Back 4

An immunogen is a type of antigen that elicits an immune response.

Front 5

What's the term for the site of an antigen that directly contacts the antigen-binding pocket of an antibody or T cell receptor?

What is a synonym for this.

If you just took these and innoculated an animal with them, what would happen?

Back 5

Epitope
antigenic determinant

Just the epitope part is not enough. It counts as an antigen, but would not elicit an immune response and is therefore not an immunogen.

Front 6

Another antigenic determinant/epitope... what does it need?

What clinical application has to do with all these?

Back 6

hapten
if physically, covalently attached to a larger carrier protein, it becomes an immunogen

Vaccinations

Front 7

At what point in the life cycle are the B and T cells synthesizing their receptors?

Each ___ of B and T cells makes a unique receptor.

Back 7

During the maturation process before exposure of the cells to antigen.

clone

Front 8

Binding of antigen to cell surface receptors causes cell ___ and ___ into ___ cells and ___ cells.

Back 8

proliferation and differentiation into memory cells and effector cells.

Front 9

How are clones selected?

The different ones selected for during the lifetime of an individual determines the ___.

Back 9

The foreign antigens select just by being able to bind to that unique antigen.

Immune repertoire. We all have a unique but overlapping one depending on cells selected and put into memory and effector cells.

Front 10

Antibodies recognize ___ proteins on the ___ surface of ___.

Cell surface ___ is part of the B-cell receptor

Back 10

native macromolecules on the outer surfaces of pathogens

immunoglobulin

Front 11

T cell receptors recognize ___ antigens produced by _____

What is the outline of the steps that lead to this?

Back 11

peptide antigens produced by degradation of proteins

dendritic cell takes up pathogen -> degrades it -> binds the peptides (epitopes) to MHC molecules and puts them on the surface

Front 12

What's the relationship between dendritic cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC)?

Back 12

Dendritic cells are the most common kind of APC for naive T cells. There are other APC's though.

Front 13

fill it out!

Back 13

T cells see processed proteins associated with MHC. Protein.

B cells see soluble Ab. B cells can see CHO or DNA. Most often hydrophilic.

Front 14

What characteristics make antigens more immunogenic? 3x3

Back 14

foreignness
high molecular weight
chemical complexity

so- biological, chemical, and physical properties of antigens changes immunogenicity

Front 15

Rank macro classes in highest to lowest immunogenicity.

Back 15

It kind of makes sense-- nucleic acids aren't nearly as interesting/unique in combos as proteins or CHO.

Front 16

proteins are ____, that is they have multiple epitopes on a single protein molecule.

Each epitope is recognized by a different ___ of B cell, thus inducing a ___ response.

The epitopes can comprise ___ or ___ peptides for different respective cell types

Back 16

multivalent

clone
polyclonal

linear or discontinuous; T cell and B cell

Front 17

In discontinuous epitopes, what is important in the process?

Back 17

These are dependent on a conformation. So if the native protein gets denatured, the conformational epitope is destroyed and antibody will not recognize. So important for most B cells and doing vaccines, and if you're running gels or generally denaturing one.

Front 18

What's a multivalent antigen? What's another name?

Back 18

polyclonal
it can recognize different antibodies

Front 19

T/F T cells' antibodies look at linear epitopes, and B cells' antibodies look at discontinuous epitopes.

Back 19

F
B cells can use linear and discontinuous epitopes, just mostly they use discontinous

Front 20

What is the main antigen type made for gram-positive bacteria?

Back 20

peptidoglycan

Front 21

For gram negative bacteria the major epitopes are derived from

Back 21

lipopolysaccharides

Front 22

for gram-positive, encapsulated bacteria the major epitopes are derived rom...

Back 22

polysaccharide

Front 23

Antigens on the outer surfaces of bacteria are ___ with ___ ___ epitopes which is key to understand Type 2 ___ Independent Antigens

Back 23

multivalent with repetitive identical epitopes

Thymus

Front 24

What's a serotype?

Back 24

Different bacteria have different serotypes. They see what antibodies bind to the antigens. The bacteria can be the same, like strep for pneumonia, but they'll have different serotypes.

Front 25

How do serotypes play a role clinically?

Back 25

If you are vaccinated against one serotype of a bacteria, and you end up in contact with a different one, the vaccination won't help you. So when you make a vaccine, you want to choose something common among all serotypes or include multiple serotypes- so I'm thinking HPV vaccines.

Front 26

What are different types of viral antigens they can put in a vaccine?

Back 26

Whole virus
recombinant viral protein (take genetic piece of virus and put in bacteria for them to make for us)
viral peptide coupled to a carrier protein (the peptide isn't immunogenic so it's a hapten, put it on a carrier making a hapten carrier)

Front 27

If using whole virus as immunogen what is the antigen and what is the epitope?

Back 27

protein antigen
peptide is linear or discontinuous

Front 28

If using recombinant viral protein as immunogen what is the antigen and what is the epitope?

Back 28

protein antigen
peptide can be linear or discontinuous

Front 29

If using viral peptide coupled to a carrier protein as immunogen what is the antigen and what is the epitope?

Back 29

peptide-carrier antigen
peptide is linear

Front 30

So for influenza virus: epitopes for antibodies are on the ___ of the virus particle while epitopes for ___ are primarily derived from internal viral proteins

Major types of influenza virus are designated ___ and ___

Back 30

surface

T cells from internal viral proteins

A and B

Front 31

What are the subtype influenza A defined by?

Back 31

the sequences of the H and N glycoproteins.

There are 16 unique H subtypes and 9 unique N subtypes. So H1N1 makes more sense.

Front 32

What do the H and N stand for?

Back 32

haemagglutinin
neuraminidase

Front 33

___ viruses tend to have a lot more mutations.

Why is this a problem?

Back 33

RNA

mutates faster than DNA. Less fidelity.

You can develop antibodies just to have them quickly not work because of mutations in the hemagglutinin

Front 34

When the virus shuffles it's material after going through a bird.. that's called...
and it results in a ___ virus derived from different virus strains

Back 34

genetic reassortment and humans will not have protection against that virus

Front 35

So why are there yearly flu vaccines?

What do we wish?

Back 35

New flu vaccines are made each year to match the currently prevalent strains- the H and N

They want to make a virus that will have broadly neutralizing antibodies that would target all H molecules, so one vaccine, and you never get it. Same thing for AIDS. It'd be pretty cool.