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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the ovary covered by and what cell type does it?
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Germinal Epithelium - cuboidal epithelium
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What is the germinal epi continuous with?
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Mesovarium
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Beneth the germinal epi, there is a thin layer of collagenous tissue known as:
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tunica albuginea
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The ovary is subdivied into Cortex and medulla. What does the cortex contain? Medulla?
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1. Cortex = Ovarian follicles and stromal (interstitial) cells surrounded by loose CT
2. Medulla = larger blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves surrounded by loose CT |
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What are hilar cells comparable to in the male anatomy? Where are they located and what do they secrete?
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Hilar cells are located near the hilum and have characterstics similar to leydig cells and secrete testosterone.
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What do primordial follicles consist of?
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They consist of a primary oocyte surrounded by follicle cells
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Are primordial follicles found isolated or in groups?
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Groups - connected by intercellular bridges
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What stage are primordial follicles arrested in?
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first meiotic prophase.
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What do follicle cells secrete to keep the oocyte arrested in the first meiotic prophase? (3 words)
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oocyte maturation inhibitor
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What happens when a follicle is stimulated to grow? What does it become and what happens intracellularly?
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It becomes a Primary Follicle - the oocyte enlarges, its organelles disperse and protein synthesis begins.
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A primary follicle first becomes a unilaminar PF - it forms a single layer of follicle cells of this cell type:
Does it contain a basal membrane? |
cuboidal. yes
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How is a multilaminar PF different than unilaminar?
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It has 2 or more layers of follicle cells now called Granulosa Cells
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What are the layers of granulosa cells called?
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Membrane granulosa
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What forms between the oocyte cell membrane and the innermost layer of the granulosa cells?
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Zona pellucida
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As the primary follicle expands, it compresses the surrounding stromal cells and forms the:
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Theca Interna
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What is the distinguishing feature of a secondary follicle?
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Antrum: This is caused by the formation of spaces within the membrana granulosa that become filled with follicular fluid and coallesce
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Continued expansion of the follicle cells result in the fomration of the:
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theca externa
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What hormone mediates the changes observed in the secondary follicles?
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FSH
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What does the dominant follicle secrete to inhibit FSH?
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Inhibin
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What are atretic follicles? What happens if these follicles are at primarodial or primary follicular stage? What about later stages?
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They are degenerate follicles. It early stage, no scar forms. If later stage, scar forms along with thickening of the BM known as the glassy membrane.
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When does the primary oocyte resume meiosis to the 2nd meiotic metaphase? What happens after that?
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About 24hrs before ovulation mid cycle. After that, division is arrested again.
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About 24hrs before ovulation, the ovarian wall adjacent to the follicle thins due to the action of:
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collagenases and prostaglandins
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What does the follicle cells secrete prior to ovulation?
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Plasminogen activator to cause plasmin to dissolve the BM
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Inside the follicle, the oocyte is surrounded by:
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Coronal cells - granulosa cells immediately surrounding the oocyte
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Prior to ovulation, the oocyte and corona cells detach from the membrana granulosa and begin to release (hormone?) and decrease (hormone?) release:
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increase Progesterone release and inhibit Estrogen release
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As progesterone increases, early stages of luteinization begins in the granulosa cells. What happens with regard to blood flow around the follicle?
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It increases - increasing the amount of antral fluid
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After ovulation, granulosa cells of the collapsed follicle are transformed into large progesterone and estrogen (and relaxin) secreting cells in a process known as:
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Luteinization
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Theca interna cells also become luteinized and begins to secrete:
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Progesterone and androgen
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What hormone maintains the corpus luteum and how long does it usually survive?
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LH keeps it alive and lasts about 10-12 days
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Once the corpus luteum contracts and become inactive, it is called:
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Corpus albicans
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What maintains the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
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hCG
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What hormone triggers the midcycle LH peak?
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Estrogen
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What hormone produced in the follicle prior to ovulation mediates ovarian wall rupture?
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Progesterone
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What are the four morphological divisions of the oviduct?
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1. Infundibulum (with fibria)
2. Ampulla 3. Isthmus 4. Intramural division |
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Describe the mucosa of the infundibula and ampulla:
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Highly folded
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What cell type is the infundibulum and ampulla lined with? (include secondary features)
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Simple columnar epithelium having ciliated and non-ciliated (secretory) cells
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With respect to the cells of the oviduct, what effect does estrogen and progesterone have?
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1. Estrogen promotes ciliogenesis and mitosis
2. Progesterone promotes secretory activity |
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Describe the muscularis component of the oviduct wall.
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It is external to the mucosa and consists of an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer.
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What controls the contraction of smooth muscles in the oviduct that results in peristaltic waves?
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Progesterone and estrogen
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What are the three layers of the uterus?
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1. Serosa (perimetrium)
2. Myometrium (muscularis) 3. Endometrium |
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What is the serosa covered by? What is it continuous with?
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Covered by peritoneum and continuous with the broad ligament
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The myometrium consists of three smooth muscle layers:
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1. Inner circular
2. Middle oblique 3. Outer longitudinal |
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How does estrogen effect the smooth muscle of the uterus during pregnancy? What hormones cause it to relax? Contract?
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It causes them to lengthen and increase 10x. Progesterone and relaxin quiet it and oxytocin stimulates its contraction
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What cell type covers the endometrium? What is it suppored by?
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Simple columnar epithelium. Supported by a very cellular lamina propria
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The endometrium can be subdivided into two zones:
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1. Outer 2/3 = functional zone
2. Inner 1/3 = basal zone |
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The endometrium has a dual blood supply. What are they and how are they affected by hormonal fluctuations?
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1. Straight arteries supply only the basal zone and insensitive to hormones
2. Spiral arteries are sensitive supply only the functional zone |
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The spiral arteries are senstivie to which hormones and how do they affect it?
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PRogesterone and estrogen during the luteal phase. Absense causes them to spasm and constric - depleting the blood supply.
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When does the proliferative phase of the cycle take place?
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Day 5-15
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What happens to the thickness of the endometrium during the proliferative phase?
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It thickens from 1mm to 3-4 mm.
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How do the endometrial glands appear during the proliferative phase? What do the glands begin to accumulate?
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Wave and accumulate glycogen
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When does the secretory phase of the cycle occur?
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Between day 15 and 26
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During the secretory phase, the endometrial thickness goes up due to:
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Progesterone secretion by the CL and consequent edema
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The glands of endometrium become (shape?) and sacculated because they secrete? (two things)
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They become coiled and sacculated because they secrete glycogen and other carbohydrates
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When does menstrual phase?
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Day 1-5
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What causes the menstral flow?
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CL is not maintained, estrogen and progesterone levels fall, and spiral arteries undergo spasms and constrict causing ischemia of endometrium. Functional zone of endometrium atrophies and sloughed and thickness changes from 5-6mm to 1mm
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The wall of the cervix consists of three layers:
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1. Mucosa
2. Musclularis 3. Serosa |
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Describe the mucosa of the cervical canal and the cell type that lines it
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Mucosa is highly folded and lined with simple columnar epithelium
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Under estrogen dominance, what is the cervical mucus consistency:
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Abundant and water to facilitate sperm
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Under progesterone dominance, what is the cervical mucus consistency:
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Thick and sparse to block sperm and prevent bacterial invasion
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What cell type lines the cervix that faces the vagina?
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stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
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What is the area called between the simple columnar and startified squamous epi in the cervix known as?
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Transformation zone
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The wall of the vagina has three layers:
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1. Mucosa
2. Muscularis 3. Adventia |
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What cell type lines the vaginal mucosa? Is it sensitive to hormonal changes?
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Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium that is senstivie to hormone changes
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Under estrogen dominance, describe the vaginal epithelium:
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It is thick, cornified and cells are full of glycogen
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Under progesterone dominance, describe the vaginal epithelium:
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Epi is thin and sloughed cells have nuclei
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Describe the musclaris layer of the vaginal wall:
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Outer longitudinal and inner circular layers of smooth muscle
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Describe the adventia - (what does it contain and what receptors does it have)
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Contains elastic fibers and contains pressure receptors
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Does the labia minor contain:
1. hair follicles 2. fat 3. elastic fibers 4. smooth muscle 5. sebaceous glands |
1. hair follicles - no
2. fat - no 3. elastic fibers -yes 4. smooth muscle - yes 5. sebaceous glands - yes |
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What cell type is the vestibule of the vagina?
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1. Stratified squamous non-keratinized epi (same as vaginal mucosa)
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Does the labia major contain hair follicles? Fat?
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Yes to both
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