09/18/07 Bscc2093 Notes - Glands And Connective Tissue

Front 1

Exocrine Gland

Back 1

Ducted gland (i.e. sweat glands), secretion of which is placed on neighboring epithelia

Front 2

Endocrine Gland

Back 2

Ductless gland (i.e. ovary), secretion of which is placed in the blood stream to reach a remote target (like testosterone from testes grows facial hair)

Front 3

Gland

Back 3

Secreting cell or cells in the epithelia

Front 4

Collagen

Back 4

A protein in the connective tissue that is stronger than steel (think collagen lips = hard)

Front 5

Glands - Exocrine

Holocrine

Back 5

Think "The whole damn cell breaks loose". Lots of Mitosis (i.e. oil glands on head)

Front 6

Glands - Exocrine

Merocrine

Back 6

With exocitosis, releases secretions into duct (i.e. sweat glands secreting salty sweat made of electrolytes and water).
Mer = think "mermaids" live in saltwater

Front 7

Glands - Exocrine

Apocrine

Back 7

Think "A" for Apocrine = "A" for Armpit
Secretes electrolytes, saltwater, cytoplasm (which has nutrients, so bacteria grows and produces odor) In hairy areas (hair traps pheromones) for sexual attraction. The breast is a modified apocrine gland.

Front 8

Features of Connective Tissue

Back 8

Specialized Cells (do 1 job well); Matrix of Extracellular Protein Fibers (fibrous) and Ground Substance (gluey or resin-like); Never exposed to environment outside body, highly vascular (blood vessels)

Front 9

Functions of Connective Tissue

Back 9

Structural Framework; Transporting Fluids; Protection of organs; Supporting, Surrounding, Interconnecting other tissues; Store energy; Defending against microbes

Front 10

Perspiration - Sensible

Back 10

You can feel the sweat
measured in liters

Front 11

Perspiration - Insensible

Back 11

You can't feel it. About 500 ml per day (about a coffee cup worth)

Front 12

Use a Bridge Building Metaphor to describe Matrix

Back 12

Extracelluar protein fibers are like rebar, covered with ground substance which is like concrete. Gives strength and flex, like the skeleton.

Front 13

Rickets

Back 13

A disease of failure to mineralize bone, has to do with lack of Calcium and Vitamin D. Bones of legs cannot hold body weight so they bow out.

Front 14

Scurvy

Back 14

Bone shatter, not enough Collagen (need for Vitamin C) (think Vitamin "C" and "C"ollagen). Was cured by Captain Cook recommending sailors eat limes. English sailors are still called "limeys"

Front 15

What proportions of what substances make up the skeleton?

Back 15

1/2 calcium
1/3 collagen

Front 16

How is Connective Tissue Proper categorized (two types).

Back 16

Loose (fat/adipose)
Dense (regular/irregular)

Front 17

Connective Tissue Proper -Specialized Cells

Melanocytes

Back 17

Cell for production of the pigment Melanin. They are depicted as little umbrellas with their protective arms outstretched. Dark/light skinned people may have same number of melanocytes but different amount of pigment.

Front 18

Connective Tissue Proper - Specialized Cells

Marophages

Back 18

These "Big Eater" phagocytes are key players in immune response to infectious microorganisms. Blood monocytes migrate into tissues of the body and there differentiate (Evolve) into macrophages. They can be fixed or free in the connective tissue.

Front 19

Connective Tissue Proper - Specialized Cells

Plasma Cels

Back 19

Escaped from bloodstream, secretes antibodies.

Front 20

Connective Tissue Proper - Specialized Cells

Fat Cells - Adipose Cells

Back 20

Triglycerides. Nucleas shoved off to one side, full and halo-like.

Front 21

Connective Tissue Proper- Specialized Cells

Mast Cells (mastocytes/labrocytes)

Back 21

Escaped from bloodstream, now in tissue. Releases histamines and heparin which cause swelling and fluid leakage from cells as a form of ridding the body of a threat (perceived or real). Involved in allergic reactions.

Front 22

Connective Tissue Proper - Specialized Cells

Mesenchymal Cell - Stem Cell

Back 22

Undifferentiated cells from mesenchyme, can grow into many types of cells when needed. Renew and repair tissues.

Front 23

Connective Tissue Proper - Specialized Cells

Fibroblast

Back 23

Makes and secretes out collagen - Blasts out collagen fibers.

Front 24

Connective Tissue Proper - Specialized Cells

Lymphocyte

Back 24

Responsible for immune response. B Cell (Bone - makes antibodies that atatck bacteria and toxins) T Cells (Thymus - attack body cells themselves when they've been taken over by viruses/cancer). NK Cells (Natural Killer kills cells if "banner" absent)

Front 25

Connective Tissue Proper - Fibers

Reticular and Elastic Fibers

Back 25

Proteins. Reticular (Collagen Fibers for rigidity) replace Elastic (Elastin - Elasticity) fibers sometimes when damaged. Skin darker in that place.

Front 26

Fluid Connective Tissue - Types

Back 26

Lymph and Blood are types of Fluid Connective Tissue

Front 27

Fluid Connective Tissue - Blood - Specialized Cells

RBCs (Red Blood Cells)

Back 27

Carry Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide through the blood. Hemoglobin makes them look red. Also called erythrocytes. Disc shaped.

Front 28

Fluid Connective Tissue - Blood - Specialized Cells

WBCs

Back 28

Also called Leukocytes, their primary function is defense

Front 29

Fluid Connective Tissue - Blood - Specialized Cells

Platelets

Back 29

Irregular, disc-shaped element in blood that assists in clotting. They clump (aggregate) together. They are actually fragments of large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes.

Front 30

Fluid Connective Tissue - Blood - Ground Substance

Plasma

Back 30

The liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid, makes up half the volume. Devoid of cells and has not clotted (unlike serum). Contains antibodies and other proteins.

Front 31

Fluid Connective Tissue - Blood - Fibers

Fibrinogen

Back 31

Soluble balls of protein that can make fibers of Fibrin (the essence of a normal blood clot).

Front 32

Fluid Connective Tissue - Lymph - Specialized Cells

Lymphocytes

Back 32

T, B, NK, Plasma Cells

Front 33

Fluid Connective Tissue - lymph - Ground Substance

Lymphatic Fluid

Back 33

Almost colorless fluid, travels through lyphatic vessels in lymph system, carries cells that help fight infections/disease.

Front 34

Fluid Connective Tissue - Lymph - Fibers

Fibrinogen

Back 34

Fibrinogen is the "genesis" of Fibrin (the essence of a normal blood clot)

Front 35

Supporting Connective Tissue - 2 Types

Back 35

Cartilage Matrix and Bone Matrix

Front 36

Supporting Connective Tissue

Cartilage Matrix

Back 36

Gel with varied fiber types

Front 37

Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone Matrix

Back 37

Mineral Deposits (Calcium salts = calcified)

Front 38

Brown Fat

Back 38

Brown adipose tissue, rapid source of energy for infants, 5% of their body weight. Around Shoulder blades. Packed with mitochondria, which are energy factories, for heat. Rich supply of blood vessels. Gone by adulthood

Front 39

Adipose Tissue

Back 39

How the body stores energy, triglycerides. Yellow in color.

Front 40

Bone composition

Periosteum

Back 40

Thin layers of protective connective tissue around bone itself.

Front 41

Bone composition

Cartilage

Back 41

Cushion at the ends of bones, over periosteum. Covered with perichondrium.

Front 42

Bone composition

Perichondrium

Back 42

Goes around cartilage at the end of bone

Front 43

Bone Cell composition

Osteocytes

Back 43

Canaliculi (mini-canals to supply blood) Lacuna (mini-"lagoons" that blood runs into; matrix and fibers