0802 Logic Midterm Exam

Front 1

...is a mental operation out of which the mind compares two ideas so that in comparing these ideas the mind enunciates or declares their relation either of affirmation or negation.

Back 1

judgment

Front 2

...is a statement through which which a judgment is expressed.

Back 2

proposition

Front 3

...a proposition must always be expressed in a ___________ ________, not those that command, exclaim, or wish, among others.

Back 3

declarative sentence

Front 4

A proposition has three elements, namely, ...

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1. subject
2. predicate
3. copula

Front 5

…___ _______ of a proposition is the term which is either denied or affirmed.

Back 5

the subject

Front 6

___ _________ of a proposition is that which is either denied or affirmed by the subject.

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predicate

Front 7

…, ___ ______ is the part of the proposition that expresses the affirmation or denial of the predicate term of the subject term.

Back 7

the copula

Front 8

Categorical propositions are classified into two perspectives,…

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1. from the standpoint of quantity; and
2. from the standpoint of quality

Front 9

There are two kinds of propositions from the standpoint of quantity, namely, …

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1. universal and
2. particular

Front 10

…two kinds of propositions from the standpoint of quality, namely, …

Back 10

1. affirmative and
2. negative

Front 11

The _________ ___________ include every, each, anything, whatever, everybody, any, all, no, none.

Back 11

universal quantifiers

Front 12

The __________ ___________ are much, many, majority, few, some, most, practically all, a portion of, not all, certain.

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particular quantifiers

Front 13

The quality of the ______ determines the quality of a proposition.

Back 13

copula

Front 14

Universal Affirmative

Back 14

A

Front 15

Universal Negative

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E

Front 16

Particular Affirmative

Back 16

I

Front 17

Particular Negative

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O

Front 18

A proposition cannot become one just by a mere presence or use of a subject term; it likewise demands for a _________ ____.

Back 18

predicate term

Front 19

All affirmative propositions always have __________ (undistributed) predicate terms.

Back 19

particular

Front 20

All negative propositions always have _________ (distributed) predicate terms.

Back 20

universal

Front 21

A and I propositions have __________ predicate terms.

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particular

Front 22

E and O propositions have _________ predicate terms.

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universal

Front 23

graphic illustration of the structure of categorical propositions

Back 23

Venn-Euler Diagram

Front 24

What are the rules governing the manner through which a proposition can be reduced to its logical form?

Back 24

1. Determine what type of categorical proposition is the given proposition.
2. Determine or identify the subject term of the proposition.
3. Determine the quantity of the subject term.
4. Determine the quality of the copula.

Front 25

…is a compound or complex proposition that shows a condition, dependency, opposition, or similarity between two or more propositions.

Back 25

A hypothetical proposition

Front 26

Name the three kinds of hypothetical propositions.

Back 26

1. connective (or conditional)
2. conjunctive
3. disjunctive

Front 27

This is a proposition in which the consequent depends upon the antecedent to the effect that only if the antecedent is true can the consequent also be true.

Back 27

connective or conditional hypothetical proposition

Front 28

…has two essential parts, to wit:
1. antecedent (or the "if" clause), and
2 consequent (or the "then" clause).

Back 28

connective or conditional hypothetical proposition

Front 29

This is the kind of hypothetical proposition that enunciates the impossibility of two things to occur simultaneously or of two facts to be true at one and at the same time.

Back 29

conjunctive hypothetical proposition

Front 30

The component parts of this type of proposition exclude one another, i.e., they cannot be true or false together.

Back 30

conjunctive hypothetical proposition

Front 31

The following are examples of what type of proposition?
1. A student cannot be academically excellent and mediocre at the same time.
2. An academic institution cannot be a marketplace at the same time.

Back 31

conjunctive hypothetical proposition

Front 32

…readily exhausts all possibilities no two of which can be true or false at the same time; however, one from among these possibilities must necessarily be true and the rest false.

Back 32

disjunctive hypothetical proposition

Front 33

…takes the form "either…or" in its construction.

Back 33

disjunctive hypothetical proposition

Front 34

The following are examples of what type of proposition?
1. It is either dawn or twilight.
2. It is either Monday, Wednesday, Friday, or Saturday.
3. Joseph will go to Manila either by plane, by boat, or by bus.

Back 34

disjunctive hypothetical proposition

Front 35

…is a mental operation through which the agreement or disagreement of two ideas is inferred from their known relation to a common third idea.

Back 35

Reasoning

Front 36

There are two methods involved in reasoning:

Back 36

1. induction and
2. deduction.

Front 37

…is one which proceeds from individual or particular data to general or universal conclusion.

Back 37

Induction or inductive reasoning

Front 38

Example:
Juan is a man.
Juan is a mortal.
Therefore, all men are mortal.

Back 38

Induction or inductive reasoning

Front 39

…is one which proceeds from universal data to particular and individual conclusion.

Back 39

deduction or deductive reasoning

Front 40

Example:
All animals are mortal.
All humans are animals.
Therefore, all humans are mortal.

Back 40

deduction or deductive reasoning

Front 41

…is the manner through which reasoning, as a mental operation, is expressed…

Back 41

inference

Front 42

…refers to any process through which the mind proceeds from one or more propositions to other propositions whose meanings are already implied in the former.

Back 42

inference

Front 43

Name the two kinds of inference.

Back 43

1. immediate and
2. mediate.

Front 44

…is a process of reasoning through which the mind passes directly from one proposition to a new proposition which is nothing else but a reformulation of the very exact meaning or truth as expressed in the original proposition.

Back 44

immediate inference

Front 45

…there is no new truth or meaning achieved in an _________ _________.

Back 45

immediate inference

Front 46

…does not offer any advancement of knowledge.

Back 46

immediate inference

Front 47

This is a kind of immediate inference where a new proposition is being formulated either by interchanging the subject and predicate terms of the original proposition or by the use or removal of negatives.

Back 47

eduction

Front 48

There are four kinds of eduction…

Back 48

1. conversion
2. obversion
3. contraposition
4. inversion

Front 49

This refers to a formulation of a new proposition by way of interchanging the subject and the predicate terms of an original proposition.

Back 49

Conversion

Front 50

Example:
No fish is a mouse.
Therefore, no mouse is a fish.

Back 50

Conversion

Front 51

Only _ and _ propositions can be simply converted.

Back 51

E and I

Front 52

…_ and _ propositions cannot be converted by simple conversion.

Back 52

A and O

Front 53

An _ proposition cannot be converted by simple conversion because the quantity of the predicate term cannot be retained.

Back 53

A

Front 54

This is a kind of conversion where the quantity of the convertend is reduced from universal to particular.

Back 54

partial conversion

Front 55

…the quality of the original proposition is changed and the predicate term replaced by its contradictory.

Back 55

obversion

Front 56

What are the steps in obversion?

Back 56

1. …retaining the subject term and the quantity of the original proposition.
2. …changing the quality of the original proposition.
3. …replacing the predicate of the original proposition to its contradictory.

Front 57

What is the obverse of:
All men are mortal. (A)

Back 57

No men are non-mortal. (E)

Front 58

What is the obverse of:
No men are mortal. (E)

Back 58

All men are non-mortal. (A)

Front 59

What is the obverse of:
Some men are mortal. (I)

Back 59

Some men are not non-mortal. (O)

Front 60

What is the obverse of:
Some men are not mortal. (O)

Back 60

Some men are non-mortal. (I)

Front 61

This is a kind of eduction which results from a formulation of a new proposition whose subject term is the contradictory of the predicate term in the original proposition.

Back 61

contraposition

Front 62

…involves an interchange of the subject and predicate terms and it involves either the use or removal of negatives which affects the copula and the terms.

Back 62

contraposition

Front 63

_ propositions cannot be converted.

Back 63

O

Front 64

_ propositions have no contraposit.

Back 64

I

Front 65

What is the partial contraposit of:
All whales are mammals. (A)

Back 65

No non-mammals are whales. (E)

Front 66

What is the partial contraposit of:
No fishes are dogs. (E)

Back 66

Some non-dogs are fishes. (I)

Front 67

What is the partial contraposit of: Some students are not studious. (O)

Back 67

Some non-studious are students. (I)

Front 68

What are the steps in partial contraposition?

Back 68

a. Its subject is the contradictory of the predicate term of the original proposition;
b. The quality of the contraponend is changed in the contraposit; and
c. The predicate term in the contraposit is the subject term in the contraponend.

Front 69

What are the steps in complete contraposition?

Back 69

a. The subject term in the contraposit is the contradictory of the predicate term in the contraponend;
b. The quality of the contraponend is not changed in the contraposit; and
c. The predicate term in the contraposit is the contradictory of the subject term in the contraponend.

Front 70

What is the complete contraposit of:
All whales are mammals. (A)

Back 70

All non-mammals are non-whales. (A)

Front 71

What is the complete contraposit of:
No fish is a dog. (E)

Back 71

Some non-dogs are not non-fishes. (O)

Front 72

What is the complete contraposit of:
Some students are not studious. (O)

Back 72

Some non-studious are not non-students. (O)

Front 73

This is a method of eduction in which the mind, through obversion and conversion, finally arrives at a judgment whose subject and predicate terms are contradictories of the subject and predicate terms in the original proposition.

Back 73

Inversion

Front 74

What is the inverse of:
All terrorists are criminals. (A)

Back 74

Some non-terrorists are non-criminals. (I)

Front 75

What is the inverse of:
No terrorists are criminals. (E)

Back 75

Some non-terrorists are not non-criminals. (O)

Front 76

What are the Rules of Conversion?

Back 76

1. Interchange the subject and the predicate terms.
2. Retain the quality of the convertend in the converse.
3. Do not extend any term of the convertend in the converse in Simple Conversion.
4. Reduce the quantity of the convertend in the converse in Partial Conversion.

Front 77

Diagram for Simple Conversion:

Back 77

E to E and
I to I

Front 78

Diagram for Partial Conversion:

Back 78

A to I and
E to O

Front 79

What are the Rules of Obversion?

Back 79

1. Retain the positions of the subject term and the predicate term.
2. Retain the quantity of the obvertend in the obverse.
3. Change the quality of the obvertend in the obverse.
4. The predicate term of the obvertend should be changed to its contradictory in the obverse.

Front 80

Diagram for Obversion:

Back 80

A to E,
E to A,
I to O, and
O to I

Front 81

What are the Rules of Simple/Partial Contraposition?

Back 81

1. The subject term of the contraposit is the contradictory of the predicate term in the contraponend.
2. The quality of the contraponend is changed in the contraposit.
3. The predicate term of the contraposit is the subject term in the contraponend.

Front 82

Diagram for Simple/Partial Contraposition:

Back 82

A to E,
E to I, and
O to I

Front 83

What are the Rules for Complete Contraposition?

Back 83

1. The subject term of the contraposit is the contradictory of the predicate term in the contraponend.
2. The quality of the contraponend is not changed in the contraposit.
3. The predicate term of the contraposit is the contradictory of the subject term in the contraponend.

Front 84

Diagram for Complete Contraposition:

Back 84

A to A,
E to O,
O to O

Front 85

…exists between two proposition when these propositions have the same subject and predicate terms but differ from each other either in quantity or quality or in both quantity and quality.

Back 85

Opposition

Front 86

What are the four types of opposition?

Back 86

1. Contradictory
2. Contrariety
3. Subcontrariety
4. Subalternation or subalternity

Front 87

This is an opposition existing between a pair of propositions having the same subject and predicate terms but these propositions differ in both quantity and quality.

Back 87

Contradictory Opposition

Front 88

What are the rules governing contradictories?

Back 88

1. If one of the two contradictories is true, the other is false, and vice versa.
2. Contradictories cannot be simultaneously true or false at the same time.

Front 89

What conclusions can be drawn from the rules governing contradictories?

Back 89

1. If A is true, O is false.
2. If E is true, I is false.
3. If I is true, E is false.
4. If O is true, A is false.

Front 90

This is an opposition existing between a pair of universal propositions having the same subject and predicate terms but differing in quality.

Back 90

Contrary Opposition

Front 91

What are the rules governing contrariety?

Back 91

1. If one of the contraries is true, the other is false.
2. If one of the contraries is false, the other is doubtful.

Front 92

What conclusions can be drawn from the rules governing contrariety?

Back 92

1. If A is true, E is false.
2. If E is true, A is false.
3. If A is false, E is doubtful.
4. If E is false, A is doubtful.

Front 93

This is an opposition existing between a pair of particular propositions having the same subject and predicate terms but differing in quality.

Back 93

Subcontrary Opposition

Front 94

What are the rules governing subcontraries?

Back 94

1. If one of the subcontraries is true, the other is doubtful.
2. If one of the subcontraries is false, the other is true.

Front 95

What conclusions can be drawn from the rules governing subcontraries?

Back 95

1. If I is true, O is doubtful.
2. If O is true, I is doubtful.
3. If I is false, O is true.
4. If O is false, I is true.

Front 96

This is an opposition existing between a pair of propositions having the same subject and predicate terms and having the same quality, but differing in quantity.

Back 96

Subaltern Opposition

Front 97

Which propositions are called subalternant (superior)?

Back 97

A and E

Front 98

Which propositions are called subalternate (subaltern)?

Back 98

I and O

Front 99

What are the rules governing subalternation?

Back 99

1. If the universal is true, the particular is true.
2. If the universal is false, the particular is doubtful.
3. If the particular is true, the universal is doubtful.
4. if the particular is false, the universal is false.

Front 100

What conclusions can be drawn from the rules governing subalternation?

Back 100

1. If A is true, I is true.
2. If A is false, I is doubtful.
3. If E is true, O is true.
4. If E is false, O is doubtful.
5. If I is true, A is doubtful.
6. If I is false, A is false.
7. If O is true, E is doubtful.
8. If O is false, E is false.

Front 101

...in _______ _________ the mind draws a conclusion through a medium.

Back 101

mediate inference

Front 102

…is a process of reasoning in which from one proposition, with the aid of another proposition called medium, the mind infers not only a new proposition, but also a new truth.

Back 102

mediate inference

Front 103

…is an argument which consists of three related propositions so that when the first two propositions are posited as true the third proposition must also be true.

Back 103

syllogism

Front 104

…expresses the relationship of the minor term to the major term whether they are in agreement or disagreement with each other.

Back 104

The conclusion

Front 105

What are the two kinds of syllogism?

Back 105

1. categorical
2. hypothetical

Front 106

What are the two kinds of categorical syllogism?

Back 106

1. simple
2. compound

Front 107

What are the three kinds of hypothetical syllogism?

Back 107

1. connective (or conditional)
2. conjunctive
3. disjunctive

Front 108

In simple categorical syllogism, it is the predicate of the conclusion.

Back 108

The major term

Front 109

…is the subject of the conclusion.

Back 109

The minor term

Front 110

This is a term in a simple categorical syllogism that must occur only in the two premises either as a subject or as a predicate. Hence, it must not occur in the conclusion.

Back 110

The middle term