07/15/08 Cardiovascular System Anatomy Physiology Ii Bscc2094 Bscc 2094

Front 1

Functions of Circulatory System

Transportation

Back 1

O2, CO2, nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat (vessels constrict)

Front 2

Functions of Cardiovascular System

Regulation

Back 2

pH, temperature, fluid balance

Front 3

Functions of Cardiovascular System

Protection

Back 3

clot formation, phagocytosis, antibody, interferon and complement production

Front 4

Normal pH of Blood

Back 4

7.4 (7.35 - 7.45)

Front 5

Normal Blood Volume

Back 5

5 litres

Front 6

What are the main Blood Components?

Back 6

Plasma and formed elements

Front 7

Blood Components

Plasma

Back 7

the "matrix" or fluid (noncellular)portion of the circulating blood

Front 8

Blood Components

Formed Elements

Back 8

Cells and Cell fragments

Front 9

Serum

Back 9

Plasma absent of coatulating factors (obtained after coagulation)

Front 10

Buffy Coat

Back 10

a thin layer formed between packed RBCs and plasma after centrifuging. 1% of blood, which is made up of leukocytes and platelets.

Front 11

Formed Elements

Back 11

RBCs (Red Blood Cells or Erethrocytes), WBCs (White Blood Cells or Leukocytes), and Platelets (thrombocytes)

Front 12

CBC

Back 12

Complete Blood Count, the total count of RBC and WBC numbers

Front 13

Red Blood Cell / RBC / Erethrocyte

Number

Back 13

4.8 million to 5.4 million (4.8 x 10 to the 6th power, to 5.4 x 10 to the 6th power)

Front 14

Red Blood Cell / RBC / Erethrocyte

Polycythemia

Back 14

An abnormal increase in the normal # of RBC’s. Physiological: high elevations decrease oxygen, more RBCs made. More oxygen added when in normal atmosphere; Pathological: disease or blood doping (athletes).

Front 15

Hemopoiesis

Back 15

process by which formed elements of the blood develop

Front 16

Erythropoiesis

Back 16

RBC formation.

Front 17

Erythropoietin

Back 17

A hormone released from the kidney (drug = Procrit)

Front 18

Hematocrit

Back 18

Percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC’s (~ 42 O ; ~ 47 O> d/t Testost)

Front 19

Anemia

Back 19

drop in hematocrit

Front 20

Physical Characterictics and lifespan of RBC

Back 20

no nucleus; no mitochondria; 120 day life span

Front 21

What's a good way to get an idea how a diabetic has been eating for the last three months?

Back 21

3 month HB A1c for diabetes

Front 22

What is the molecular makeup of an RBC?

Back 22

* 4 protein chains called globins
* 4 heme groups (nonprotein moiety. One for each globin)
* 4 irons (Fe+2) (one for the center of each heme)
* can carry up to 4 oxygen (O2) molecules (one for each heme)

Front 23

What sort of affinity does iron have?

Back 23

Fe+2 have affinity for nitric oxide (NO) and superNO (SNO). EDRF(endothelium-derived relaxing factor) --> NO --> Smooth muscle vasodilator

Front 24

WBCs / White Blood Cells / Leukocytes

Normal count in blood

Back 24

5000 – 10,000 /uL

Front 25

WBCs / White Blood Cells / Leukocytes

Purpose

Back 25

Fight infectious disease

Front 26

WBCs / White Blood Cells / Leukocytes

Types

Back 26

Granular: Basophils, Eiosinophils, Neutrophils

Agranular: Lymphocytes, Monocytes

Front 27

White Blood Cells

Differential

Back 27

% of each of the different types of WBC’s in a blood smear

Front 28

White Blood Cells - Granulocytes

Neutrophils

Back 28

60-70% pale stain. Granules; 2-5 lobes held by chromosmal strands; acute bact. infxn (pyogen)

Front 29

White Blood Cells - Granulocytes

Eosinophils

Back 29

2%.Acid stain, Granules.. Histaminase. Auto-immune. 2-3 lobes; Allergic rxn: Asthma. Hay fever.; Parasitic infxn.

Front 30

White Blood Cells - Granulocytes

Basophils

Back 30

1% Basic stain (blue), Granules. Histamine. 2 lobes; Allergic reaction aka mast cells in tissue

Front 31

White Blood Cells - Agranulocytes

Monocytes

Back 31

5% kidney shaped; phagocyte -> macrophages in tissues; chronic infxn (EBV, TB)

Front 32

White Blood Cells - Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes

Back 32

20-25% large dark staining nucleus; mobilized by Ab & Cell mediated immune rxn (also non-immune mediated inflammation); circulates in & out of blood; viral infection (Measles, Mumps, Rubella, HIV).

Front 33

General Properties of Blood

Mean RBC Count

Back 33

Female 4.2 - 5.4 million uL

Male 4.6 - 6.2 million uL

Front 34

General Properties of Blood

Platelet Count

Back 34

130,000 - 360,000 uL

Front 35

General Properties of Blood

Total WBC Count

Back 35

5,000 - 10,000 uL

Front 36

hemoglobin

Back 36

An iron-containing respiratory pigment of vertebrate red blood cells that consists of a globin composed of four subunits each of which is linked to a heme molecule, that functions in oxygen transport to the tissues after conversion to oxygenated form in lungs, and that assists in carbon dioxide transport back to the lungs after surrender of its oxygen.

Front 37

Lymphocyte Types

B Cells

Back 37

Active and increased against bacteria and toxins;
Become plasma cells;
Form Antobodies.

Front 38

Lymphocyte Types

T Cells - T4

Back 38

Helper Cell ("4 lookalike H")
decreased count (<500) in HIV means treatment needed
depends on viral load

Front 39

Lymphocyte Types

T Cells - T8

Back 39

Suppressor
Cytotoxic

Front 40

Buffy Coat

Back 40

Leukocytes and Platelets. 1% of whole blood. Forms between Erethrocytes and Plasma when centrifuged.

Front 41

Leukocytosis

Back 41

Increase # of WBC’s

Front 42

Leukopenia

Back 42

Decrease # of WBC’s

Front 43

Neutrophilia

Back 43

Increase # of neutrophils

Front 44

Neutropenia

Back 44

Decrease # of neutrophils

Front 45

Lymphocytosis

Back 45

Increase # of lymphocytes

Front 46

Medical Terminology of Blood
Suffixes
Cytosis, penia, philia

Back 46

Cytosis - elevation
penia - decrease
philia - increase

Front 47

Hypoxia

Back 47

Decrease cellular O2 -> kidneys -> erythropoietin -> RBC production -> O2 carried

Front 48

Ischemia

Back 48

Decrease O2 supply to the tissues (not just the heart) It is reversible, unlike necrosis (tissue death)

Front 49

Necrosis

Back 49

tissue death

Front 50

Anemia

Back 50

Reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood.

Front 51

Anemia

Pernicious Anemia

Back 51

Loss or decrease of Intrinsic Factor (IF) in the stomach -> no B12 absorption -> PA

Front 52

Anemia

Sickle Cell Anemia

Back 52

Genetic/hereditary abnormal Hgb (S) -> pathological RBC: Sickle shaped; Results in fragile RBC and blockage in vessels due to their shape.

Front 53

Anemia

Thallassemia / Mediterranean Disease

Back 53

Group of hereditary anemias (Greeks, Italians, mediterranean descent) deficiency or absence of alpha or beta hemoglobin and RBC counts less than 2 million uL.

Front 54

Anemia

Aplastic anemia

Back 54

Destruction of the red bone marrow (so it can't produce, red, white, or platelets) or indices with erythropoietin loss (Chloramphenicol was a bacteriostatic antimicrobial with this terrible side effect. Also radiation and immune supression can cause it).

Front 55

Jaundice

Back 55

yellow discoloration of the eyes (sclera), mucus membranes and skin. Build up of bilirubin (breakdown by-product of heme). Results from inadequate liver function.

Front 56

Jaundice

Neonatal (physiological)

Back 56

Ultraviolet (blue) light or sunlight exposure to treat skin. Once the value, # drops, then the bilirubin content will continue to drop and the newborn will recover.

Front 57

Jaundice

Pathological

Back 57

As a result of diseases, virus (hepatitis, HIV), parasites, alcohol, etc.

Front 58

Cyanosis

Back 58

bluish-purple skin color (nails/lips most common). Increase in reduced Hgb.

Front 59

Platelet / Thrombocyte

Back 59

Clotting & Coagulation

150, 000 – 450,000/uL

Front 60

Thrombocytopenia

Back 60

decreased platelet count (below 100,000 uL) Causes include bonemarrow destruction by radiation, drugs, poisons, leukemia. signs - small hemmorrhagic spots in skin, hematomas in response to minor trauma.

Front 61

Thrombopoietin

Back 61

Produced in the liver. Induction of platelet production in the bone marrow

Front 62

Clotting Factors

Back 62

I - XIII

cascade involving Intrinsic and Extrinsic

Front 63

Vitamin K

Back 63

required for clotting factor synthesis

Front 64

Hemophilia

Back 64

disorder in clotting mechanism resulting in abnormal increase bleeding time

Front 65

Thrombosis

Back 65

clotting in a vessel (unbroken)

Front 66

Embolus

Back 66

A foreign material traveling in the bloodstream: fat, blood clot, air, etc.

Front 67

Blood Group / Typing

agglutinogens / isoantigens as antigens

Back 67

- located on the surface of RBC which may act as antigens.

- agglutinins / isoantibodies react against the adverse antigen

Front 68

antigen

Back 68

any substance, (as an immunogen or a hapten) foreign to the body that evokes an immune response either alone or after forming a complex with a larger molecule (as a protein) and that is capable of binding with a product (as an antibody or T cell) of the immune response

Front 69

Blood types A, B or O (none)

Back 69

based on the presence of antigen

Front 70

Universal Donor Blood Type

Back 70

O type, as it lacks Antigens (Ag) to induce an antibody (Ab) reaction

Front 71

Universal Acceptor Blood Type

Back 71

AB type, because it lacks antibodies to attack other blood (Ag types)

Front 72

RH Antigen Factor

Types

Back 72

Rh - without antigen

Rh + with antigen

Front 73

Does blood normally contain anti Rh antibodies?

Back 73

Normally blood doesn't contain Rh antobidies. They are formed in Rh-blood on first exposure to Rh+ blood.

Front 74

Hemolytic disease of newborn (HD) erythroblastosis fetalis

Back 74

- 1st pregnancy, mother’s blood will produce Ab. No reaction to slow (no memory)
- 2nd pregnancy, mother’s blood will produce Ab (antibodies), causing hemolysis of fetal blood.
- Anti-Rh antibodies do not react in the blood until 2nd exposure of Rh+ blood
- Hemolytic anemia = early destruction of RBC’s.

Front 75

Hemolytic anemia

Back 75

early destruction of RBCs.

Front 76

hemolytic

Back 76

lysis of red blood cells with liberation of hemoglobin

Front 77

Hemophilia

Back 77

a sex-linked hereditary blood defect that occurs almost exclusively in males and is characterized by delayed clotting of the blood and consequent difficulty in controlling hemorrhage even after minor injuries. Umbrella term. Cascade effect....if missing even one clotting factor.

Front 78

fibrin

Back 78

sticky protein that adheres to the walls of a vessel. as blood clots and platelets arrive, they stick to the fibrin like insects on spider web. Fibrin/blood cells/platelets - clot.

Front 79

Hemoglobin decomposition

Back 79

Globin portion is hydrolyzed into reusable amino acids
Heme portion further decomposed into iron and biliverdin

Front 80

Hemoglobin decomposition

Heme Portion decomposition

Iron

Back 80

Iron - transported by albumin to bone marrow/liver.
Some used in bone marrow to make new hemoglobin
Excess stored in liver as ferritin

Front 81

Hemoglobin decomposition

Heme portion decomposition

Biliverdin

Back 81

Converted to bilirubin, bound to albumin; removed by liver, secreted in bile; stored, concentrated in gallbladder; discharged into sm. intest.; converted by intestinal bacteria to urobilinogen; excreted in feces.

Front 82

Anemia Due to Inadequate Erethropoiesis

Back 82

Inadequate Nutrition
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Folic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C deficiency
Permicious Anemia (deficiency if intrinsic factor)

Front 83

Hemorrhagic Anemia

Back 83

Trauma, Hepatitis, Menstruation, Ulcer, Ruptured Aneurysm, etc.

Front 84

Hemolytic Anemia (Due to Erythrocyte Destruction)

Back 84

Toxins (venom), Drug Reactions, (Penicillin Allergy), Malaria (destroy RBCs), Sickle-cell disease, Thalassemia, Hemolytic disease of newborn (Rh mismatch)

Front 85

Hemoglobin decomposes into:

Back 85

Globin portion and Heme Portion

Front 86

Hemoglobin Decompoition

Globin Portion

Back 86

Hydrolized into AAs, which can be reused

Front 87

Hemoglobin Decomposition

Heme Portion - Iron

Back 87

Iron
- transported by albumin to bone marrow/liver
-some used in bone marrow to make new hemoglobin
-Excess ferreted away in liver as ferritin

Front 88

Hemoglobin Decomposition

Heme Portion - Biliverdin

Back 88

-Converted to bilirubin, bound to albumin
-removed by liver, secreted in bile
-stored, concentrated in gallbladder
-discharged into sm intestine
-converted by intestinal bacteria to uribilinogen
-excreted in feces

Front 89

Antibodies belong to a class of plasma proteins called _______.

Back 89

gamma globulins

Front 90

Serum is blood plasma minus its _____________________.

Back 90

Clotting Proteins

Front 91

Which of the foillowing conditions is most likely to cause hemolytic anemia....mushroom poisoning, iron deficiency, or hypoxemia?

Back 91

Mushroom poisoning

Front 92

It is impossible for a type O+ baby to have a type ______ mother?

Back 92

AB-

Front 93

Which of the following contributes most to the viscosity of blood, globulins or erethrocytes?

Back 93

erethrocytes

Front 94

What are the granulocytes?

Back 94

Basophils, Neutrophils, Eiosinophils

Front 95

Excess iron is stored in the liver as a complex called _____.

Back 95

Ferritin

Front 96

Pernicious Anemia is as a result of _____________.

Back 96

Lack of Intrinsic Factor

Front 97

The first clotting factor that the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways have in common is _____.

Back 97

Factor X

Front 98

Production of the formed elements of the blood is called _____.

Back 98

hemopoiesis

Front 99

The percentage of blood volume composed of RBCs is called the ______.

Back 99

PCV or Hematocrit

Front 100

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by _____ from damaged perivascular tissues.

Back 100

thromboplastin (Factor III)

Front 101

The RBC antigens that determine transfusion compatibility are called _______.

Back 101

agglutinogens

Front 102

The hereditary lack of factor VIII causes a disease called _____.

Back 102

hemophilia

Front 103

The overall cessation of bleeding involving several mechanisms is called _________.

Back 103

hemostasis

Front 104

________ results from a mutation that changes one maino acid in the hemoglobin molecule.

Back 104

sickle cell anemia

Front 105

An excessively high RBC count is called _____________.

Back 105

polycythemia

Front 106

Intrinsic factor enables the small intestine to absorb _________.

Back 106

B 12

Front 107

The kidney hormone _______ stimulates RBC production

Back 107

Erethropoetin (EPO)