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64 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Ectoderm
Tissue which forms the Nervous system (neural plate, neural folds, neural groove, neural crests, flexures (bends) in neural tube, cerebral growth, brain vesicle formation)
Features of the Cerebrum
Cerebral cortex; Hemispheres (R and L); Lobes (Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital); Gyri (convolutions, like hills); Sulcus and Fissures (Longitudinal Fissure)
Longitudinal Fissure
separates left and right cerebral hemispheres
Cerebellum
hemispheres; vermis (wormlike ring at bottom that divides cerebellum L/R); flocculonodular lobe (anterior cerebellum top)
Forebrain - Diencephalon
Superior to brainstem.
Forebrain - Diencephalon

Thalamus
relay station for input from other parts of CNS (brain and spinal tracts) to the cerebral cortex.
Forebrain - Diencephalon

Hypothalamus
master region: bladder fullness, stomach fullness (satiety) , hunger, thirst, temperature (hot/cold)
Forebrain - Diencephalon

Basal Ganglia / Basal Nuclei
Masses of cerebral gray matter buried in white matter, lateral to thalamus.
Caudate
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Amygdala
Claustrum
Get input from substantia nigra of m idbrain and motor areas of cerebral cortex, send signals back and forth between these locations. Motor Control.
Brainstem

Medulla
Pyramids where motor tracts cross over to ther side, decussation. Contains cranial nerve nuclei of VIII , IX, X, XI, XII
Brainstem

Pons
Contains cranial nerves (nuclei) of V, VI, VII, and VIII
Brainstem

Midbrain / mesencephalon
cerebral peduncles connect upper/lower parts of brain/spinal cord. Contains cranial nerves (nuclei) of II, IV
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Location
In subarachnoid space around brain, spinal cord, ventricles.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

What is it secreted by?
Choroid plexus, a capillary network in all ventricles lined by ependymal cells
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Total Volume
140 ml
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Production per day
500 ml
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

pH
7.4 or 7.35
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Purpose
Protect brain and spinal cord from injury, float it so it weighs less on neck. Circulates to exchange nutrients and remove wastes.
Ventricles for CSF
Lateral - 1 in each cerebral hemisphere; IVF of Monroe - two canals; Third ventricle - one chamber surrounded by Thalamus; Cerebral Aqueduct - canal through midbrain; Fourth Ventricle - one chamber, 3 openings foramen of magendie (median, 1) foramen of Luschka (lateral, 2)
CSF Reabsorbed
by arachnoid villi into superior sagittal sinus -->sigmoid sinus --> internal jugular vein where it meeets with subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic vein (R and L)
Hydrocephalus
abHYDROCEPHALUS: an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles or subarachnoid spaces of the brain due to infection, trauma, inflammation, blockage, etc.. Brain damage because of pressure.
Hydrocephalus

Communicating
obstruction of the subarachnoid space or basal cisterns that prevents drainage of CSF through arachnoid villi into the superior sagittal sinus. However, the subarachnoid space and cisterns are in communication with the ventricles.
Hydrocephalus

Noncommunicating
obstruction of CSF circulation at or proximal to the foramina of Luschka and Magendie. This prevents one or more ventricles from communicating with the subarachnoid space.
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER (BBB)
A tight capillary system that is selective to the entry of materials in to the brain tissue. The tight junctions seal together the endothelial cells of brain capillaries surrounded by a continuous basement membrane
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Capillaries
1. continuous - most areas of the brain
2. fenestrated - selected areas of brain,windows lipid soluble chemicals can pass through, and glucose (anasthesia)
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Astrocytes
role of astrocytes that provide a selective permeability into the brain
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Permeability
a few water soluble substances, such a glucose, pass by active transport; lipid soluble substances readily pass such permeability to caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, anesthetics; O2 and CO2 also lipid soluble substances pass through the BBB into the brain cells
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Lack of Permeability to certain substances
lack of permeability to proteins, antibiotics, and potassium
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

CVA and TIA
cerebrovascular accident, (CVA, stroke - disturbance in blood vessels to brain), transient ischemic attacks (TIA‘s) - ministroke (disturbance of blood supply)
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

chemotherapy
mannitol (sugar) and chemotherapeutic agents/drugs

difficulty in getting these drugs to cross BBB
Fissures of Cerebrum
longitudinal fissure (separates R and L hemispheres); transverse fissure (divides cerebrum from cerebellum)
Sulci (Sulcus) of Cerebrum
central sulcus (coronal/frontal plane) Lateral Sulcus (or Sylvian Fissure, between frontal and temporal lobes)
Cerebrum

Name the areas in the pre and post central areas of the cerebrum.
1st degree somatosensory (post central) and motor (precentral)
Sensory Areas in Cerebrum
1st degree somatosensory area (“post central” gyrus); somatosensory association area; sensory homunculus; thalamus of the diencephalon - preliminary interpretation of stimuli
Cerebrum - Primary Visual Area (cortex)
On occipital lobe, visual association area.
Cerebrum - Primary Auditory Area (cortex)
On termporal lobe, below lateral sulcus, auditory association (Wernicke’s) area (aphasia area)
Cerebrum - Motor Areas

Primary Motor Area of Frontal Lobe
1 degree somatomotor (precentral gyrus); motor homunculus; premotor area (cortex - motor association area); destruction of premotor area means loss of motor control
Cerebrum - Motor Areas
Primary (Motor) Speech Area
frontal lobe, Broca's areas - left side of frontal lobe, aphasia, speech pathology
Association Areas

Location of Somatosensory area
frontal lobe
Association Areas

Location of Visual Association Area
occipital lobe
Association AReas

Auditory Association - Wernicke's Area
located inferior and posterior to primary auditory area in temporal lobe - determine if sound is speech, music, or noise, translate words into thought
Basal Ganglia (Nuclei)
Several (5) groups of nuclei (cell bodies in CNS) in each cerebral hemisphere
Caudate, Putamen,
Globus pallidus, Amygdala,
Claustrum
regulation of muscle tone required for specific body movement; helps to modify (or refine) voluntary movements initiated from the primary motor area
Epithalamus
forms roof of third ventricle, contains choroid plexus; pineal body - body rhythms. Hormone melatonin (along with hypothalamus) for regulation of sleep-wake cycle and aspects of mood
Thalamus (inner room)
forms roof of third ventricle, contains choroid plexus; pineal body - body rhythms. Hormone melatonin (along with hypothalamus) for regulation of sleep-wake cycle and aspects of mood
Hypothalamus (below thalamus)

Homeostasis
Satiety, master region, autonomic nervous ssytem (blood pressure, heart beat rate force of heart contraction, digestion, breathing, pupils); pituitary (GNRH, TRH, etc) homrones in hypothalamus, ADH, Oxytocin. Infindibulum (stalk to pituitary gland)
Brain Stem

Corpora quadrigemina
superior collliculi - reflex for eye, head, neck in resp. to visual stim.
Inferior colliculi - head/trunk movements in response to auditory stim.
Thinkk "eyes above ears"
Features of Medulla Oblongatta
pyramids, decussation, respiratory centers, cardiovascular center, olives (relay info on stretch), Cranial nerves 8-12); damage to medulla - death
Reticular Formation
extends through central core of brain stem, into spinal cord. sensory and motor.
Reticular Formation -

Reticular Activating System (RAS)
sleeping, filters out noise you don't need to be concerned about, boots up on emergency.
Cerebellum - small brain
coordination; informed of cerebral initiated voluntary muscle contractions; receives information from proprioreceptors in body and from visual and equilibrium pathways; asses the above and coordinates muscular force, direction and extent of muscle contraction; arbor vitae (tree of life) - white matter
ataxia - cerebellar dysfunction
Two major pigmented ares of cross sectional brain
Substantia Nigra and Locus Cerulus
substantia nigra cells of midbrain (site of Parkinson's Disease) - release NE (inhibotory); project to basal ganglia and Locus Cerulus (pons) adrenal gland of brain, wakefulness and attention, REM sleep
Deficits of cranial nerve lesions

Oculomotor
diplopia (double vision), eye points down and out (lateral strabismus), ptosis, and dilated pupil
Deficits of cranial nerve lesions

Trochlear
Diplopia (double vision), difficulty reading; looking down and in (medial rotation of the eye)
Deficits of cranial nerve lesions

Abducens
Diplopia (double vision), eye points nasal; medial strabismus
Deficits of cranial nerve lesions

Trigeminal
Paralysis of muscles of mastication and tensor tympani muscle, deficits in all sensory modalities of the face.
Deficits of cranial nerve lesions

Facial
Paralysis of facial muscles and stapedius muscle; loss of serous secretion by tehipsilateral alcrimal (most significant), submandibular, and sublingual glands
Deficits of cranial nerve lesions

Vestibular nucleus (vestibulocochlear)
Vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus (unwilled eye movements) away from the lesioned side
Deficits of cranial nerve lesions

Cochlear nucleus (vestibulocochlear)
hearing loss
Deficits of cranial nerve lesions

Glossopharyngeal
Loss of gag reflex (sensory)
Deficits of cranial nerve lesions

Vagus
Paralysis of pharyngeal muscles (difficulty swallowing) and laryngeal muscles (hoarseness), palate droop, uvula deviates to opposite side
Deficits of cranial nerve lesions

Accessory
Loss of trapezius (shrugging shoulder) and sternocleidomastoid (turning of head) muscles
Deficits of cranial nerve lesions

Hypoglossal
Paralysis of tongue muscles; tongue protrudes to the side of the lesion
Cerebellum Lesion Signs
intentional tremor or non-resting tremor (shake when they try to do something. Standing they are just fine)
Parkinson's signs
non-intentional tremor, resting tremor. If they are not doing something but just resting, they are shaking.
Cerebellar lesions
think Cerebellum / coordination
ipsilateral side
dysmetria (past pointing)
Ataxia
Adiachokinesia - can't rapid eye move
Nystagmus - to and from eye move, on opposite side from lesion