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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Activity Levels can be described as...?
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1. Small enough to estimate 2. schedule 3. monitor 4. control
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Activity Std Deviation (ASD) has the formula…
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P-O/6
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Activity Variance has the formula…
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[P-O/6]2
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Analogous Estimates can be described as...?
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Expert judgment and historical info to predict the future
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Bar Chart : Under what circumstances would you use a Bar Chart instead of a Network Diagram?
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To track progress, to report to the team
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Bar Chart can be described as…?
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1. Weak planning tools 2. effective for progress reporting and control 3. Are not PM Plans 4. done after the WBS and the Network Diagram
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Changes are approved when?
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During Integrated Change Control
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Control Schedule process in the Proj Time Mgmt knowledge area can be described as…?
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1. The process of monitoring the status of the project to update project progress and manage changes to the schedule baseline. 2. Schedule control is concerned with: A. Determining the current status of the project schedule, B. Influencing the factors that create schedule changes, C. Determining that the project schedule has changed, and D. Managing the actual changes as they occur.
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Controlling the schedule has what activities?
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1. Re-estimate 2. Conduct performance reviews to evaluation. the proj. 3. Adjust future parts of they project rather than ask for additional time 4. Level resources 5. Play 'what if?' 6. Suggest preventative actions
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Crashing can be described as…?
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1. A schedule compression technique in which cost and schedule tradeoffs are analyzed to determine how to obtain the greatest amount of compression for the least incremental cost. 2. Examples of crashing could include approving overtime, bringing in additional resources, or paying to expedite delivery to activities on the critical path. 3. Crashing only works for activities where additional resources will shorten the duration. 4. Crashing does not always produce a viable alternative and may result in increased risk and always results in increased costs.
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Crashing has what impacts?
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1. Always adds cost 2. May add management time for the PM
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Critical Chain Method can be described as…?
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1. Critical chain is a schedule network analysis technique that modifies the project schedule to account for limited resources 2 . Is another way to develop a bought into, approved, realistic, and formal schedule 3. Directly takes into account both activity and resource dependencies
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Critical chain method has what steps?
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1. Network diagram is created 2. The schedule is developed by assigning each activity the latest completion date but still being able to finish the project on time 3. Resource dependencies are added 4. The critical path is then calculated 5. Starting at the end dates, build your buffers around chain milestones (like reserves)
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Critical Path Method can be described as…?
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1. Calculates the theoretical early start and finish dates, and late start and finish dates, for all activities without regard for any resource limitations, by performing a forward and backward pass analysis through the schedule network. 2. The resulting early and late start and finish dates are not necessarily the project schedule; rather, they indicate the time periods within which the activity could be scheduled, given activity durations, logical relationships, leads, lags, and other known constraints.
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Critical Path has what characteristics?
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1. the Critical Path can change 2. You can have many 3. Don't necessarily want more than one as it increases risk 4. Float is typically zero on the critical path
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Cutting Quality has what impacts?
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1. Could possibly save cost and resources 2. May increase risk 3. Requires good metrics
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Define Activities can be described as...?
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Take work packages created in the WBS and break them down further to reach Activity Level
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Define Activities has what inputs?
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1. Scope Statement 2. WBS 3. WBS Dictionary
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Define Activities has what outputs?
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1. Activity List 2. Details of the activities 3. Milestones
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Defining Activities has just occurred, what step comes next?
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Sequencing activities
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Dependencies: Which type of dependencies should be considered when wanting to shorten or re-sequence activities?
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Discretionary dependencies
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Discretionary dependencies are determined by who?
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The project team
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Estimates have the following aspects:
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1. should be done by the person doing the work 2. reducing or eliminating risks can reduce estimates 3. Historical info can be used to improve estimates 4. should be based on the WBS 5. Should be reviewed periodically throughout the project
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Estimating has 5 techniques; what are they?
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1. One-Point 2. Analogous 3. Parametric 4. Heuristics 5. Three-Point (PERT)
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Expected Activity Duration (EAD) has the formula...
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(P+4M+O)/6
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External dependencies are determined by who?
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A party outside the project (government)
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Fast Tracking can be described as…?
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1. A schedule compression technique in which critical path activities normally performed in sequence are performed in parallel. 2. Fast tracking only works if activities can be overlapped to shorten the duration. 3. An example is constructing the foundation for a building before completing all of the architectural drawings.
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Fast Tracking has what impacts / results / pitfalls?
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1. Adds risk 2. May add management time for the PM 3. rework 4. Increases risk and 5. requires more communications
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Float can be calculated which two ways?
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Float = Late Start - Early Start or Float = Late Finish - Early Finish
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Float of an activity is determined by?
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Determining the amount of time the activity can be delayed before it delays the critical path.
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Free Float can be described as…?
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The amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the Early Start Date of it's successor
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Heuristics can be described as...?
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Rule of thumb; 80/20 rule
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How do you compute the range for an individual activity estimate?
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EAD +- SD; Expected Activity Duration + Standard Deviation through Expected Activity Duration - Standard Deviation
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Individual activity estimate can be computed how?
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Start of range = EAD - SD; End of Range = EAD + SD
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Is it required in PM to have a reserve to accommodate the risks that remain in the project after the completion of risk mgmnt activities?
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Yes
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Lag can be described as...?
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Inserted waiting time between activities
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Lead can be described as...?
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Added to the start of an activity before the predecessor activity
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Learning Curve can be described as...?
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Task will take less time on the 100th try than the first
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Milestone chart can be described as…?
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1. Similar to bar charts, but only show major events 2. Do not have duration 3. Good tool for reporting to Sr. Management and the customer
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Milestones are considered activity levels. True or False?
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False. They mark significant events.
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Milestones: During what processes might a PM impose milestones?
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During the Sequence Activities or Develop Schedule processes as checkpoints to control the project
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Milestones: Where is a summary of milestones included?
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Project Charter
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Monte Carlo Analysis can be described as…?
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This method uses computer software to simulate the outcome of a project making use of the three point estimates (optimistic, pessimistic, most likely) PROVIDES The probability of completing the project 1. on a certain day 2. for a specific amount of cost 3. an activity actually being on the critical path and the project overall risk
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Negative float: Can there be negative float?
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Yes, it means you are behind
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Network diagram can be beneficial how?
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1. help justify time estimate 2. aid in planning, organizing and controlling 3. show interdependencies 4. show team members workflow 5. identify areas to compress schedule 6. show project progress
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Network Diagram is the result of what…?
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Taking activities and milestones sequencing them into how work will be performed
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Network Diagram: Under what circumstances would you use a Network Diagram instead of a bar chart?
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To show interdependencies between activities
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One-Point Estimate can be described as...?
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1. One estimate per activity 2. Should be used on projects that do not require a detailed, highly probable schedule NEGATIVE aspects: 3. force padding 4. hides important info about risks 5. schedule no one believes in
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Padding: Is padding acceptable?
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No
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Parametric Estimating can be described as...?
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Calculates projected times based on historical records from previous projects; ex. Time per line of code; time per linear meter
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PDM stands for?
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Precedence Diagramming Method; aka activity on node 1. Nodes represent activities 2. Arrows show dependencies
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Project schedules can be represented what three ways?
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1. Milestone charts 2. Bar charts 3. Project schedule network diagrams
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Scope: Reducing Scope has what impacts?
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1. Could possibly save cost and time 2. May negatively impact customer. Sat.
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Regression Analysis can be described as...?
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Tracks two variables to see if they are related and creates a formula to be used in Parametric Estimating
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Resource Leveling can be described as…?
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1. Is a schedule network analysis technique applied to a schedule that has already been analyzed by the critical path method. 2. Can be used when shared or critical required resources are only available at certain times, are only available in limited quantities, or to keep resource usage at a constant level. 3. Is necessary when resources have been over-allocated, when shared or critical required resources are only available at certain times or are only available in limited quantities. 4. Can often cause the original critical path to change.
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Resource Leveling has what results?
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1. Used to produce a resource limiting schedule, 2. Leveling lets the schedule slip 3. And the cost increase 4. in order to deal with limited resources
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Rolling Wave Planning can be described as…?
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1. Do not plan at the lowest level in advance 2. wait until the project work has started and the work is clearer to plan the lower levels
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Schedule changes should occur when?
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When problems begin to occur
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Schedule compression techniques include what (4)?
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1. Fast Track 2. Crash 3. Reduce Scope 4. Cut Quality
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Schedule Management Plan helps make the schedule estimating process is easier by...?
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1. Providing guidelines on how estimates should be stated. 2. Help determine what types of reports to use relating to the schedule
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Schedule Management Plan includes what?
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1. scheduling methodology / software used 2. est. of schedule baseline 3. identifies the performance measures 4. how schedule variances will be managed 5. schedule change control procedures
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Schedule Mgmnt Plan requires that progress be measured along the way. True or False?
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TRUE
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Scheduling dependencies can be broken into three main groups. What are they?
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1. Mandatory / hard logic - Inherent in the work 2. discretionary / preferred, preferential, soft logic 1. determined by project team 2. can be changed easily, others can not 3. important when shortening the project 3. external - needs of a party outside the project; ex. Gov.; suppliers
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Sequencing activities has just been done, what step comes next?
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The network diagram
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Sequencing can add new risks. True or False?
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TRUE
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Three-Point Estimates can be described as...?
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1. PERT - Program Evaluation and Review Technique 2. Formulas can be used for time and cost
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Time Management Plan process answers what questions?
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1. How will I create the schedule? 2. What tools will I use to schedule? 3. How will I go about planning the schedule for the project? 4. How will I manage & control the schedule baseline and manage variances?
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Total Float can be defined as…?
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1. Calculated early start and finish dates, and late start and finish dates, 2. Critical paths have either a zero or negative total float 3. Schedule activities on a critical path are called critical activities 4. A critical path is normally characterized by zero total float
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Variance formula is?
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Standard deviation squared
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What are options to shorten the duration of a project from 33 to 30 weeks?
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1. Re-estimate by reviewing risks; fewer risks = shorter time to complete 2. Execute activities in parallel by fast tracking 3. Add additional resources from within the company by crashing 4. Cut out an activity by reducing scope (not likely) 5. Hire consultants to assist by Crashing 6. Move more experienced people to tasks by crashing 7. Cut time by lowering quality stds 8. Say no and stand your ground 9. Get more work through OT (Which isn't an option during project planning)
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What do you need before you can develop a schedule?
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1. Understanding of the work including assumptions, milestones, and constraints 2. Activity List 3. Network diagram 4. Activity duration estimates 5. activity resource req. 6. resource calendars 7. Company calendar to identify non-working days
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What do you need to do in order to take the estimating data and create a finalized schedule?
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1. Work with SHs priorities 2. Look for alternative ways to complete work 3. look for impacts to other projects 4. negotiate for resources 5. Compress the schedule by crashing, fast tracking, and re-estimating 6. Adjust PM Plan (change the WBS because of planned risk responses) 7. Simulate the project using Monte Carlo Analysis 8. Level resources 9. Gain formal approval
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What is used to manage the schedule and the project?
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The Schedule Baseline
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What method would you use if you needed 5 tech one month, 15 the next and 3 the following?
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Resource Leveling
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What size work components provide the most accurate estimates?
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Smaller work components
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What technique modifies the network diagram to allow loops between activities?
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GERT - Graphic Evaluation & Review Technique
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What two time activities that can occur without impacting the entire project or the next activity?
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Free Float and Total Float
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What-If Scenario Analysis can be described as…?
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An analysis of the question "What if the situation represented by scenario 'X' happens?
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Work packages created in the WBS are in what knowledge area?
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Scope Mgmnt
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