05 - The Integumentary System

Front 1

Integumentary System

Back 1

The organ system made up of the skin and it's accessory structures (sweat and oil glands, hair, and the nails).

Front 2

The two layers of the skin.

Back 2

The epidermis and the dermis.

Front 3

This is made up of epithelial cells and it is the outermost layer of the skin and serves to protect. It is avascular.

Back 3

The epidermis.

Front 4

This lies beneath the epidermis and makes up the bulk of the skin. It is a tough layer composed of connective tissue. It is vascular.

Back 4

The dermis.

Front 5

This lies just deep to the dermis. It stores fat, acts as a shock absorber, an insulator, and anchors the skin to underlying structures.

Back 5

The hypodermis (superficial fascia).

Front 6

The cells that are found in the epidermis.

Back 6

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, and langerhan's cells are found in the ________.

Front 7

The most abundant cell in the epidermis.

Back 7

Keratinocytes are the most abundant cells in the ________.

Front 8

Keratinocytes.

Back 8

The cells that produce keratin, are tightly connected by desmosomes and come from the stratum basale (undergoes continuous mitosis). By the time these cells reach the surface of the skin they are dead.

Front 9

Melanocytes.

Back 9

These are spider shaped epithelial cells that make the pigment melanin. The are found in the deepest layer of the epidermis.

Front 10

The superficial fascia is another name for the __________.

Back 10

Another name for theh hypodermis is the ___________.

Front 11

The cells that make melanin.

Back 11

Melanocytes make _________.

Front 12

Langerhans' Cells.

Back 12

Star shaped cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. They are also called epidermal dendrite cells and they are phagocytes. They ingest foriegn substances and help activate the immune system.

Front 13

Merkel Cells.

Back 13

These are shaped like spiky hemispheres and are found at the epidermal-dermal junction. Each of these cells is associated with a disc-like sensory nerve ending and together they function as a sensory receptor for touch.

Front 14

The layers of the epidermis.

Back 14

(from deep to superficial)
1. Stratum Basale
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin)
5. Stratum Corneum

Front 15

The location of thick skin.

Back 15

The skin found on the palms, soles of the feet, and finger tips.

Front 16

Stratum Basale

Back 16

This is the only epidermis layer in continuous mitosis. 10-25% of the cells are melanocytes, occasional merkel cells, mostly keratinocytes. (aka: stratum germinativum)

Front 17

Stratum Spinosum

Back 17

Layer of the epidermis that is serveral layers thick. It's cells contain a web-like system of intermediate filaments which span the cytosol and attach to desmosomes. Most abundant cell type are langerhans' cells. Also has melanosomes and keratinocytes.

Front 18

Stratum Granulosum

Back 18

This is a thin layer of the epidermis with 3-5 layers of cells. The keratinocytes appear flattened, lose their organelles, and accumulate granuoles in this layer.

Front 19

Stratum Lucidum

Back 19

This epidermis layer appears as a thin translucent band. It is composed of a few rows of dead, clear, flat keratinocytes.

Front 20

Stratum Corneum

Back 20

This is a broad layer that is 20-30 cell layers thick and makes up 3/4ths of the epidermal thickness. Glycolipids, horny cells, and keratin are found here.

Front 21

Keratohyaline Granules.

Back 21

Helps to form keratin in the upper layers, a granule.

Front 22

Lamellated Granules.

Back 22

Contains a waterproofing glycolipid that is released into the extracellular space and ia a major factor in controlling water loss across the epidermis.

Front 23

Horny or cornified cells.

Back 23

The shingle-like cell remnants of the stratum corneum. (the dandruff or skin flakes that can be brushed off the dry skin)

Front 24

The two layers of the dermis.

Back 24

The reticular layer and the papillary layer make up this.

Front 25

The Papillary Layer.

Back 25

The thin superficial layer of the dermis, made of areolar connective tissue with collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and blood vessels.

Front 26

Dermal Papillae.

Back 26

The peg-like projection of the superior surface of the papillary layer of the dermis. They indent the epidermis above them.

Front 27

Meissner's Corpuscles.

Back 27

Touch receptors housed in the dermal papillae.

Front 28

Dermal Ridges.

Back 28

The larger mounds underneath dermal papillae on the hands and soles of the feet, which in turn forms epidermal ridges.

Front 29

Epidermal Ridges.

Back 29

Found on the hands and soles of feet. INcreases friction and enhances gripping ability.

Front 30

Fingerprints.

Back 30

Identifying films of sweat caused by the sweat pores opening inbetween epidermal ridges of the fingers.

Front 31

The Reticular Layer.

Back 31

The deeper layer of the dermis made of dense irregular connective tissue.

Front 32

The principle tissue of the dermis.

Back 32

Dense irrelgular connective tissue is the principle tissue of the ____________.

Front 33

Cells found in the dermis.

Back 33

Fibroblsts, mast cells, macrophages, and white blood cells.

Front 34

Three pigments that make up skin color.

Back 34

Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin.

Front 35

Melanin.

Back 35

A polymer of tyrosine amino acids, ranging in color from yellow to red-brown to black.

Front 36

Felxure Lines are found here.

Back 36

Visible folds of the wrists, fingers, soles, and toes.

Front 37

Felxure lines.

Back 37

Dermal folds that occur at or near joints, where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures.

Front 38

Cleavage lines.

Back 38

These are externally invisable lines that run longitudinally in the skin of the head and limbs and in circular patterns on the neck and trunk.

Front 39

Cutaneous Plexus.

Back 39

The network of blood vessels that feeds the reticular layer of the dermis and lies between it and the hypodermis.

Front 40

Examples of flexure lines.

Back 40

The creases in your palms, wrists, soles of your feet, fingers, and toes are examples of ___________.

Front 41

Striae.

Back 41

Silvery white lines, or scars, that can occur when there is extreme stratching and the dermis tears.

Front 42

Of the three pigments used for skin color, this is the only one made in the skin.

Back 42

Melanin is the only pigment used for skin color that is ________.

Front 43

The stimulus to produce more melanin.

Back 43

Exposure to sunlight is the stimulus to produce ________.

Front 44

This is why and what happens when your skin gets leathery.

Back 44

Too much sun causes clumping of the elastic fibers and makes the skin __________.

Front 45

This happens when you get skin damage from the sun.

Back 45

1. Elastic fibers clump
2. Decrese in immune system
3. Decrease in folate stores

Front 46

This is what happens when you get a decrease in folate production due to sun damage.

Back 46

Photosensativity (Increased sensativity to perfumes, detergents, medications ect.) leads to rashes, blisters, and peeling skin if your body doesnt make enough __________.

Front 47

The yellow-orange substance found in certain products like carrots.

Back 47

Carotene.

Front 48

Carotene accumulates in the _________.

Back 48

___________ accumulates in the stratum corneum and in the fatty tissue of the hypodermis.

Front 49

If too much carotene is consumed, it can be noticed by looking here.

Back 49

The palms of the hands and soles of the feet get a yellowy-orange tinge is too much __________ is consumed.

Front 50

The pink hue in fair skinned people is due to this.

Back 50

Oxygenated hemoglobin in the capillaries causes a _________ in fair skinned people.

Front 51

Cyanosis.

Back 51

________ happens when a lack of oxygen results in a blue tinge, expecially in the nail beds and mucus membranes.

Front 52

Erythema. (redness)

Back 52

________ happens from embarressment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.

Front 53

Pallor. (blanching)

Back 53

_________ may indicate stress, anemia, or low blood pressure.

Front 54

Jaundice.

Back 54

_______ is an abnormal yellow skin tone that indicates a liver disorder.

Front 55

Bronzing/Bronze tone.

Back 55

________ is a sign of addison's disease, a hypofunction of the adrenal gland.

Front 56

Bruises.

Back 56

________ are black and blue appearences which indicate clots beneath the skin.

Front 57

Bruises are also called __________.

Back 57

Hematomas are also called __________.

Front 58

The skin appendages.

Back 58

1. Nails
2. Sweat glands
3. Sebaceous glands
4. Hair follicles
5. Hairs

Front 59

Cadherin.

Back 59

In order for a skin apendage to appear, there must be a decrease in the production of the cell adhesion molecule _________.

Front 60

Two types of sweat glands.

Back 60

1. Eccrine
2. Apocrine

Front 61

Location os sweat glands.

Back 61

Everywhere except the nipples and anogenital areas.

Front 62

Eccrine glands.

Back 62

Also called merocrine glands. These are more numerous on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead. The are coiled tubular glands with their secretory colied part in the dermis and the duct extending to open on the epidermis surface.

Front 63

Apocrine glands.

Back 63

These glands are only in the axillary and anogenital areas. Their ducts empty into hair follicles. Begin functioning at puberty. Function is related the sex glands of other animals, not involved in thermal regulation.

Front 64

The hormone that stimulates the apocrine glands and sebaceous glands.

Back 64

Androgen hormone stimulates these at puberty.

Front 65

Ceruminous glands.

Back 65

Modified apocrine glands that produce cerumen for protection of the inner ear and are found in the external ear canal.

Front 66

Sweat. (componants)

Back 66

A hypotonic filtrate of the blood that is secreted by exocytosis. It's 99% water with NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes, drugs, and dermicidin. It's acidic.

Front 67

Dermicidin.

Back 67

A microbe killing peptide found in sweat.

Front 68

Sweating is regulated by the ______ system.

Back 68

the sympathetic nervous system rugulates this thermoregulatory process.

Front 69

Where thermoregulatory sweating begins and spreads to.

Back 69

Begins on the forehead and spreads inferiorly over the body.

Front 70

Where emotional sweating begins and spreads to.

Back 70

Also cold a cold sweat. Begins on the palms and soles of the feet, then spreads.

Front 71

Mammary gland.

Back 71

Specialized sweat gland that secretes milk in lactating females. Part of the integumentary system.

Front 72

Sebaceous gland.

Back 72

These glands produce oil and they are simple branched alveolar glands.They are holocrine glands that produce sebum and begin at puberty.

Front 73

White and black heads are formed when ________.

Back 73

________ form when sebaceous glands are blocked with sebum.

Front 74

Acne forms when...

Back 74

An inflammation of the sebaceous glands often because of a staph infection, is called ______.

Front 75

Cradle cap/Seborrhea.

Back 75

This is an overproduction of sebum in infants on their scalp, which leads to thick yellowish scales.

Front 76

Hair.

Back 76

These are flexible strands of dead keratinized cells produced by the hair follicle.

Front 77

Hair is made of _____ keratin.
Nails are made of ____ keratin.

Back 77

Hard keratin makes up ______.
Soft keratin makes up ______.

Front 78

The to advantages that hard keratin has over soft keratin.

Back 78

1. It is tougher and more durable.
2. The individual cells don't flake off.

Front 79

The six functions of the integumentary system.

Back 79

1. Protection (physical, chemical, and biological barrier)
2. Body temperature regulation
3. Cutaneous sensations
4. Metabolic functions
5. Blood resevoir
6. Excretion

Front 80

An example of the metabolic function of the integumentary system.

Back 80

Vitamin D production

Front 81

The three barriers of protection from the integumentary system.

Back 81

chemical, physical, biological

Front 82

The statistic of americans that will develop some kind of skin cancer.

Back 82

1 in 5 americans will develop this.

Front 83

The three types of skin cancer.

Back 83

1. Basal cell carcinoma
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
3. Melanomas

Front 84

The ABCD rule about skin cancer.

Back 84

A: Asymmetry
B: Border
C: Color
D: Diameter
E: Elevation

Front 85

This is the most dangerous of the skin cancers.

Back 85

Melanomas, very resistant to chemotherapy, metastatic.

Front 86

The two skin cancers that can be completely cured by surgical removal or radiation.

Back 86

Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

Front 87

The result of burns to the skin.

Back 87

Loss of body fluids, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance which can lead to circulatory shock and shut down.

Front 88

First degree burns.

Back 88

Only epidermis is involved, localized redness, swelling, and pain. Heals in 2-4 days.

Front 89

Second degree burns.

Back 89

Involves both epidermis and top layer of the dermis. Has redness, swelling, pain, and blisters. Heals in 3-4 weeks without infection.

Front 90

Third degree burns.

Back 90

Involves entire epidermis and dermis. The burned area appeard cherry-red, grey, or blackened. The nerve endings are destroyed so there isn't much pain, life threatening fluid loss. Treatment is skin grafts that causes scarring.