05-01-2007 - Lecture 7 - Alexander-Pituitary Regulation; Adrenal, Pancreatic, And Parathyroid Hormones

Front 1

This hormone(1) triggers the development of breast and milk secretion... Secreted by ____(2)

Back 1

(1)Prolactin
(2) Anterior Pituitary

Front 2

Even though this hormone triggers development of breast and milk secretion, it also has some role in maintaining reproductive system in males...

Back 2

Prolactin

Front 3

not a true endocrine gland; neurosecretory organ, release site for hormones from hypothalamus.

Back 3

Posterior Pituitary

Front 4

How does Xport occur in Posterior Pituitary(1)? the ____(2) is treated as a synapse.

Back 4

(1)Xferred down axons by action potential.
(2) capillary bed

Front 5

What is the release trigger for hormones released by posterior pituitary?

Back 5

Action potential, hormone released just like a neuroxmitter.

Front 6

What does the hormone ADH do? What does this hormone regulate?

Back 6

cause kidneys to reabsorb water. regulates volume of body fluids.

Front 7

What does AVP (Vasopressin) effect(1)? causes (low/high)(2) urine concentrations.

Back 7

(1)effects blood pressure by increasing it, causes kidney to reabsorb and conserve water.
(2) causes HIGH urine concentration.

Front 8

This hormone triggers contraction of uterus during birth process and also triggers milk let-down reflex.

Back 8

Oxytocin

Front 9

What effects does the hormone oxytocin have.(two mentioned in class)

Back 9

-Triggers contraction of uterus during birth process.
-Triggers milk let-down reflex.

Front 10

This gland sits on top of kidney and has a cortex (thick outer rind) and medulla (small inner zone)

Back 10

Adrenal Gland

Front 11

Review from Lecture 6:
Explain steps involved in the release of cortisol hormone starting from hypothalamus.(3 glands and 3 hormones mentioned, that's including cortisol)

Back 11

Hypothalamus releases CRH hormone, causing anterior pituitary to release hormone AcTH, the causes adrenal cortex to release cortisol.

Front 12

Which part of adrenal gland do the following characteristics describe?
1. From connective tissue near kidneys.
2. Converts aa to modified aa hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline.
3. Parts of redundant system, sympathetic N.S. can perform most functions.

Back 12

Adrenal Medulla

Front 13

Which part of adrenal gland do the following characteristics describe?
1. Develops from connective tissue near kidneys.
2. Produces Steroid hormones
3. Hormones essential for proper body regulation.

Back 13

Adrenal Cortex

Front 14

80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine...

Back 14

Adrenaline.

Front 15

Glucocortocoid and mineralocortocoid are classes or hormones synthesized by...(give example of hormone in each of these classes.

Back 15

Adrenal Cortex
-Hormone examples:
-CORTISOL is in Glucocortocoid class.
-ALDOSTERONE is in Mineralocortocoid class.

Front 16

Cortisol is involved in regulation of energy metabolism. What affect does cortisol have on liver, and on muscles.

Back 16

-Liver: stimulates liver to store glucose as glycogen.
-Stimulates muscles to reduce glucose use and to breakdown protein.

Front 17

Overall, cortisol enhances effect of ____(1) and indirectly reduces body's sensitivity to ____(2)

Back 17

(1) Glycogen
(2) Insulin

Front 18

What hormone, if measured, can measure stress?

Back 18

Cortisol

Front 19

In response to effect of stress, What does cortisol do to (1)stomach, (2)Kidney, (3) Bone tissue, (4) muscle mass.

Back 19

(1) Increases stomach acid
(2) Increases GFR in Kidney
(3) Reabsorbs bone tissue
(4) decreases muscle mass.

Front 20

How does cortisol effect Immune system?

Back 20

inhibits immune function like inflammation and specific immune reactions.

Front 21

What function does the hormone Aldosterone have?

Back 21

increases reabsorption of Sodium, and increases Potassium secretion.

Front 22

What hormone increases reabsorption of sodium and increases potassium secretion?

Back 22

Aldosterone

Front 23

What does Renin-Angiotensin system affect and how?

Back 23

Increase [Na+] in blood by ultimately secreting aldosterone.

Front 24

enzyme released by _____(1) in response to decreased Na+ concentration in blood.

Back 24

(1)Renin-Angiotensin system

Front 25

Angiotensinogen is found in blood, where it is cleaved by enzyme (protease) called ____(1). This converts angiotensinogen into _____(2).

Back 25

(1) Renin
(2) Angiotensin I

Front 26

A capillary wall enzyme converts Angiotensin I to ______(2).

Back 26

(1) Angiotensin II

Front 27

______(1) stimulates ______(2) to secrete aldosterone.

Back 27

(1) Angiotensin II
(2) Adrenal cortex

Front 28

This hormone causes Distal collecting tubule (DCT)& collecting duct to reabsorb Na+. This (increases/Decreases) Na+ in blood.

Back 28

-Aldosterone
-Increases Na In blood

Front 29

Potassium in blood is sensed by what organ?

Back 29

Adrenal cortex

Front 30

if [K+] in plasma increases, What hormone is secreted to control this and how is concentration lowered?

Back 30

Aldosterone is secreted if potassium concentration in plasma gets too high. This causes kidneys to secrete Potassium. (Aldosterone works independently)

Front 31

Mineralocortocoid and glucocortocoids are in same synthesis pathway as ____(1) hormones.

Back 31

(1) Sex Hormones

Front 32

Cortisol is (faster/slower) and (longer/shorter) effect in relation to pancreatic hormones.

Back 32

Cortisol is SLOWER and LONGER effect in relation to pancreatic hormones.

Front 33

Adrenal (cortex/medulla) is more important that Adrenal (cortex/Medulla).

Back 33

Adrenal CORTEX is more important the Adrenal Medulla

Front 34

What organ is functionally component of sympathetic N.S. in A.N.S. (involved in fight or flight response)

Back 34

Adrenal Medulla

Front 35

This is the development of what organ?
-Starts as ganglion, since there is no inn. peripheral nerve it forms an organ that releases a hormone the same way N.S. would release Nueroxmitter.

Back 35

Development of Adrenal Medulla

Front 36

receptors on the _____(1) organ respond to hormone is in same molecular family as receptors for neuroxmitter - same receptors for hormone as for neuroxmitter.

Back 36

Adrenal Medulla

Front 37

All epinephrine in blood originates in adrenal glands, Epinephrine prepares the body for vigorous activity known as _____(1) response.

Back 37

(1) Fight or flight response

Front 38

Adrenalin is released (slowly/ rapidly). Adrenalin is (slowly/rapidly) broken down by tissues. ____(1) percent of adrenalin removed in one pass through circulatory system. 1/2 life is ____(2) seconds.

Back 38

Adrenalin is released RAPIDLY. Adrenalin is RAPIDLY broken down by tissues. 90%(1) of adrenalin removed in one pass through circulatory system. 1/2 life is 10-15 (2) seconds.

Front 39

What affect does adrenalin have on Heart Rate(1) and Stroke volume(2), skin(3), lungs(4), liver(5), adipose tissue(6), eyes(7), digestive system(8)?

Back 39

Adrenalin/Epinephrine:
(1) Raises Heart Rate
(2) Increases stroke volume
(3) Vasocontricts skin
(4) Airways dilate
(5) liver dumps glucose into blood.
(6) Dumps fatty acids from adipose tissue into blood.
(7) Opens Iris
(8) Digestive system activity decreases.

Front 40

If [Glucose] levels are high, the Pancreas secretes the hormone ____(1).
If [Glucose] levels are low, the Pancreas secretes the hormone ____(2).

Back 40

(1) Insulin
(2) Glucagon

Front 41

The main stimulus of Pancreas is ______(1) and minor stimulus are other hormones and _____(2) N.S.

Back 41

(1) [GLUCOSE]
(2) Sympathetic N.S.

Front 42

These glands(1) are embedded in the thyroid and it releases the hormone ___(2).

Back 42

The PARATHYROID GLANDS are embedded in the thyroid and release PTH(parathyroid hormone, this is a protein hormone)

Front 43

under what condition would PTH be released? And what would it PTH do?

Back 43

If [Ca++] in blood decreased, this stimulates secretion of PTH. PTH causes an increase in [Ca++] in blood.

Front 44

What hormone raises [Ca++] by causing bone cells to breakdown minerals of bone... This mineral breakdown also puts Phosphate into blood.

Back 44

PTH

Front 45

What hormone causes Vitamin D to change into active form? How does active Vitamin D affect Ca++?

Back 45

PTH. Active Vitamin D causes intestine to increase Ca++ absorption.

Front 46

How does PTH influence nephrons of kidney?

Back 46

Causes nephrons to reabsorb more [Ca++]

Front 47

PTH leads to (increase/decrease) in blood [Ca++]

Back 47

PTH leads to INCREASE in blood [Ca++]

Front 48

What is the function of Calcitonin? How does it relate to PTH in animals and humans? Where can calcitonin be found in body?

Back 48

Calcitonin is an antagonist of PTH in animals but not in humans. Calcitonin decreases blood [Ca++], released from thyroid gland.

Front 49

How would an injection of calcitonin affect [Ca++]

Back 49

Injection of Calcitonin decreases blood [Ca++].

Front 50

Why don't normal levels of calcitonin cause decrease blood in [Ca++]?

Back 50

Normal levels of calcitonin too low to cause change in [Ca++].

Front 51

What would lead to reversal of PTH effects in body?

Back 51

Absence of PTH

Front 52

In absense of PTH what would happen with BONES(1), Vitamin D(2), Ca++(in kidneys and intestines)(3)

Back 52

In absense of PTH, BOnes increase mineralization(1), Vitamin D is inactivated(2), reduces Intestinal Ca++ absorption in and reduces kidneys reabsorption of Ca++(3).

Front 53

This ion is regulated because it is used in synapses, Neuromuscular joint, smooth and skeletal muscle, cardiac cycle, and bones...

Back 53

Ca++

Front 54

@ the beginning of Puberty, the Hypothalamus secretes the hormone ____(1), which causes the _____(2) to secrete these two hormones ___(3).

Back 54

@ the beginning of Puberty, the Hypothalamus secretes the hormone GnRH(1), which causes the ANTERIOR PITUITARY(2) to secrete these two hormones; LH and FSH(3).