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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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If glucose concentration is low, what hormone is released?
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Glucagon
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How does glucagon influence adipose tissue when glucose concentration is low? (mention effect on muscles also)
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reduced glucose uptake, release fatty acids into blood, and reduce glucose intake used in cell respiration in muscles.
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When glucose concentration is low on blood, what happens to glycogen and what is it used for in muscles(1). What hormone does this(2)?
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The hormone GLUCAGON(2) converts glycogen (polysaccharide) back into glucose to be used in cell respiration(1).
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What purpose does protein serve when glucose concentrations are low in blood, what is it used for in muscles(1)? What hormone does this(2).
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GLUCAGON(2) breaksdown proteins into amino acids that can be used in cell respiration. Amino acids used in cell respiration(1).
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When glucose concetrations are low in blood, fatty acids are taken from blood and used for ____(1) in muscles.
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(1) Cell Respiration.
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This synergistic hormone is part of the _____(1) Nervous system and assists body while going into postabsorptive state. What is the name of this hormone(2)?
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(1) Sympathetic N.S.
(2) Epinephrine |
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Even though ____(1) N.S. assists body in postabsorptive state by enhancing glucagon secretion, the ___(2) N.S. does not enhance insulin to have opposite effect.
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(1) Sympathetic N.S.
(2) Parasympathetic N.S. |
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What type of diabetes is called "sugar diabetes"
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Diabetes Mellitus
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This type of Diabetes Mellitus is more common, non-insulin dependent, usually "adult onset". linked to being overweight.
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Type II Diabetes
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This type of Diabetes Mellitus has insulin present, but few or missing receptors on tissues.
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Type II Diabetes
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This form of Diabetes is more rare, insulin dependent, and is commonly called "juvenile".
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Type I diabetes
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This type of Diabetes has little or no insulin production. Autoimmune disease.
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Type I diabetes
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What are some consequences of Diabetes Mellitus? (mention: glucose concentration, kidney, osmotic processes, urine production.)
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[Glucose] in blood rises dramatically and kidneys cannot reabsorb it all, this upsets osmotic processes, causes excess urine production.
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How can excess urine production form diabetes cause Shock and what system can this damage?
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Excessive urine production causes large losses of water, glucose and ions, this can cause shock which will eventually cause nervous system damage.
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What system(s) can replace many of the glucagon effects?
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Epinephrine and sympathetic N.S., also cortisol from adrenal cortex. (this is why there is no "missing glucagon" disease)
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Low/absent insulin has almost the same effect on most tissues as ___(1), which is considered a mild postabsorptive effect.
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(1) Glucagon (this is why there is no "missing glucagon" disease)
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Work done + heat liberated + energy storage = change in ____(1) in a cell.
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(1) energy
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Change in energy in a cell = _____(1) + _____(2) + _____(3).
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(1) work done
(2) heat liberated (3) energy storage |
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muscles acting on the environment is ____(1) work, and anything in body that uses energy is ____(2) work.
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(1) external
(2) internal |
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eventually all internal work can be measured as ____(1).
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(1) heat
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There is an energy balance when: Energy ____(1) = Energy ____(2) = ____ work(3) + ____(4).
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There is an energy balance when: Energy intake(1) = Energy used(2) = external work(3) + heat(4).
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In terms of energy used. what would cause body mass to be increased. (mention: energy intake, external work and heat, fat)
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When energy intake > external work and heat, and increase in fat storage will cause body mass to increase.
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In terms of energy used. what would cause body mass to be decreased. (mention: energy intake, external work and heat, fat)
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When energy intake < external work and heat, fat storage is reduced for energy use and body mass decreases.
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Sum of all cell respiration or rate @ which body consumes energy is _____(1) rate.
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(1) metabolic
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Traditionally, metabolic rate could be generally measured by recording _____(1) consumption.
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(1) Oxygen
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What are the SI units for measuring heat production? (energy/unit time)
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Joules/sec
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What is the basal metabolic rate ?
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Lowest resting level of metabolic rate.
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In order to measure ____(1) body must be in postabsorptive state, at rest, at comfortable thermoneutral temperature, and person must be awake.
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Basal Metabolic rate.
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Thyroid gland hormones T3 and T4 have (direct/indirect) control of Basal Metabolic Rate. So if Thyroid hormones levels are increased, Basal metabolic rate is (increased, decreased, unchanged)
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Thyroid gland hormones T3 and T4 have DIRECT control of Basal Metabolic Rate. So if Thyroid hormones levels are increased, Basal metabolic rate is INCREASED.
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If Thyroid hormone increases, Oxygen consumption (increases, decreases, unchanged)
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If Thyroid hormone increases, Oxygen consumption INCREASES
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If Thyroid hormone levels are increased, Body temperature is (increased, decreased, Unchanged)
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If Thyroid hormone levels are increased, Body temperature is INCREASED
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Thyroid hormones are stimulated by ____(1) which comes from _____(2).
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(1) Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)
(2) Pituitary gland. |
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Where does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) come from and what does it stimulate?
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TSH comes from Pituitary and it stimulates Thyroid hormone production.
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Can Basal Metabolic Rate Change from doing various activities?
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NO, but metabolic rate can
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Metabolic scope can be put in a ratio by using this equation:
_____(1)/_____(2) |
Metabolic scope can be put in a ratio by using this equation:
Metabolic Rate(1)/BMR(2) |
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Satiety center in hypothalamus regulate _____(1)
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Hunger
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What hormone sets BMR?
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Thyroid hormone
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Energy balanced is determined by ____(1) which sets BMR, and ____(2) which ideally matches external work, among other things.
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(1) Thyroid Hormone
(2) Food intake |
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For simple organisms , satiety center in hypothalamus controls hunger that is strictly physiological, where a balance of insulin, glucagon, and TH is all that's needed.
-What other factors influence hunger in humans other than satiety center? |
Pyschological, stress, habit, food preferences, and food appearance.
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Leptin is a extremely potent appetite suppressant in animals, is it in humans as well?
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In humans Leptin effects are very weak.
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____(1) is regulated by hypothalamus and stimulates release of T3 + T4.
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(1) TSH (Thyroid Stimulating hormone)
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The ____(1) gland is a amplifier for brain hormones and has two parts; anterior and posterior ____(1).
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(1) Pituitary gland
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The (Anterior/Posterior) Pituitary or adenohypophysis is a true endocrine gland.
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The ANTERIOR Pituitary or adenohypophysis is a true endocrine gland.
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The (Anterior/Posterior) Pituitary or neurohypophysis is an outgrowth of neural tissue from brain, a neural secretory organ. This is the release site for hormones produced in the brain.
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The POSTERIOR Pituitary or neurohypophysis is an outgrowth of neural tissue from brain, a neural secretory organ. This is the release site for hormones produced in the brain.
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This part of Pituitary is a true endocrine gland...
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Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis)
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This part of Pituitary is the release site for hormones produced in the brain.
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Posterior Pituitary (aka neurohyphohysis.)
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This organ regulates the pituitary...
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Hypothalamus
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How does hypothalamus regulate pituitary? (different for anterior and posterior.)
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-Hypothalamus releases hormones to anterior pituitary to regulate it.
-Hypothalamus regulates posterior pituitary through action potentials. |
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How is hormone transport from the hypothalamus to the pituitary an exception to the rules for hormone transport?
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Hypothalamus directly releases hormones to target pituitary, no circulation throughout body is required.
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What is the path of hormones from hypothalamus to pituitary?
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Portal system capillary -> vein -> capillaries.
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How is a direct portal system advantageous to hypothalamus and pituitary?
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-Need less hormone since hormone is released directly.
- Much faster response. |
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_____(1) hormones act on another endocrine gland...
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(1) Tropic hormone
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___(1) production is controlled by TRH
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TSH ( TRH is short for,Thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone)
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____(1) releases TRH which stimulates _____(2) to release ____(3), ____(3) causes thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4 hormones.
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(1) Hypothalamus
(2) Anterior Pituitary (3) TSH |
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T3 and T4 set-up a nested negative feedback loop, these hormones causes Anterior Pituitary to release less ____(1), this causes hypothalamus to produce less ____(2).
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(1) TSH
(2) TRH |
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CRH stimulates _____(1) to secrete ACTH which stimulates ____(2) to secrete ____(3)
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(1) Anterior Pituitary
(2) Adrenal cortex (3) Cortisol |
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this hormone inhibits the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), resulting in (single/nested)negative feedback loop of ACTH secretion
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CORTISOL hormone inhibits the secretion of CRH, resulting in NESTED negative feedback loop of ACTH secretion
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GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) causes ____(1) to release ____(2) and ____(3)
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(1) anterior pituitary
(2) LH (Luteinizing hormone) (3) FSH |
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LH increases production of what hormones in females and males?
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-Males: testosterone produced in testes.
-Females: estrogen and progesterone |
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GRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone) stimulates ____(1), which stimulates release of ____(2).
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(1) Anterior pituitary
(2) GH (growth hormone) |
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How is a direct portal system advantageous to hypothalamus and pituitary?
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-Need less hormone since hormone is released directly.
- Much faster response. |
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_____(1) hormones act on another endocrine gland...
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(1) Tropic hormone
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___(1) production is controlled by TRH
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TSH ( TRH is short for,Thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone)
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____(1) releases TRH which stimulates _____(2) to release ____(3), ____(3) causes thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4 hormones.
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(1) Hypothalamus
(2) Anterior Pituitary (3) TSH |
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T3 and T4 set-up a nested negative feedback loop, these hormones causes Anterior Pituitary to release less ____(1), this causes hypothalamus to produce less ____(2).
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(1) TSH
(2) TRH |
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CRH stimulates _____(1) to secrete ACTH which stimulates ____(2) to secrete ____(3)
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(1) Anterior Pituitary
(2) Adrenal cortex (3) Cortisol |
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this hormone inhibits the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), resulting in (single/nested)negative feedback loop of ACTH secretion
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CORTISOL hormone inhibits the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), resulting in NESTED negative feedback loop of ACTH secretion
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GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) causes ____(1) to release ____(2) and ____(3)
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(1) anterior pituitary
(2) LH (Luteinizing hormone) (3) FSH |
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LH increases production of what hormones in females and males?
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-Males: testosterone produced in testes.
-Females: estrogen and progesterone |
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GRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone) stimulates ____(1), which stimulates release of ____(2).
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(1) Anterior pituitary
(2) GH (growth hormone aka Somatotropin) |
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This hormone inhibits secretion of GH (growth Hormone)
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GHIH (Growth Hormone inhibiting hormone)
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Prolactin is secreted by ____(1)
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Anterior Pituitary
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An increase in TRH will (increase,decrease, not affect) TSH which in turn will (increase, decrease, not affect) T3 and T4 hormones.
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Increase in TRH -> Increase in TSH -> increase in T3 and T4.
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