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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What organ secretes Bile?
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Liver
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Emulsifies fat such as triglycerides.
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Bile salts
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In the lumen of the duodenum, _______ arrange themselves around droplets of lipid, keeping them dispersed into a suspension called an emulsion. What is the purpose of _____?
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-Bile Salts
-Bile salts form an emulsion, in this form, the fat has an increased surface area exposed to the action of pancreatic lipase. |
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____ is a waste product from hemoglobin breakdown.
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Bile Pigment
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Vitamins and Cholesterol are examples of ____ in the body.
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Lipids
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Where can lipase be found and what organ secretes lipase?
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Lipase is found in the duodenum and is secreted by the pancreas.
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_____ acts to convert triglyceride substrates found in oils from food to monoglycerides and free fatty acids(diglyceride).
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lipase
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_____ are spheres of cylinders of fatty acids(diglycerides) and monoglycerides.
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Micelles
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What is the assumed action of micelles close to cells lining small intestine?
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Micelles are assumed to diffuse short distance through chyme to cell.
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What happens to fatty acids that enter a cell that makes up small intestine?
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Fatty acids are recombined into triglycerides.
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From fatty acids: resynthesized Lipids in cell are sent to ______(2) where the Lipids are combined with _two items__(3). Secreted from cell by __(mechanism)___(4).
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(1) Lipids or Triglycerides
(2) Endoplasmic Reticulum (3) proteins and cholesterol (4) Exocytosis |
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Triglycerides(mixed with protein and cholesterols) leaves cell through exocytosis, from there triglyceride enters ______(1), which is a lymph capillary. These 'fat packets' diffuse into lymph capillaries. Eventually fat packet is dumped into _____(2).
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(1)Lacteal
(2) veins |
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Monosaccharides, simple sugars, and polysaccharides are examples of...
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Carbohydrates
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The principle storage for glucose in mammals comes from polysaccharide found in animal fat, this polysaccharide is called...
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Glycogen
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This enzyme is in saliva and pancreatic secretions. It splits polysaccharides into disaccharides and trisaccharides.
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Amylase
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What mechanism(s) bring sugars into cell? How do sugars get out of cell and into capillaries?
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-Facilitated Diffusion and secondary active Xport bring sugars into cell.
-Sugars go out of cell and into capillaries by diffusion. |
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most carbohydrates are absorbed in the ____.
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Duodenum
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What do Proteases do, and what organ secretes Protease?
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Proteases splits proteins into 2 & 3 amino acid fragments. Secreted by Pancreas.
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What mechanism brings single amino acids into cell? How do they leave cell into capillaries?
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Secondary active transport brings amino acids into cell.
-Leave by facilitated diffusion, down it's concentration gradient. |
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Any place where veins connect two sorts of capillaries is called a ______ system.
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Hepatic portal
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_______ veins go to liver instead of straight to vena cava.
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Intestinal
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Hepatic veins lead to...
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Heart
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Organize these four destinations in order of occurrence.
(1) Liver (2) Intestinal Veins (3) Hepatic Portal system (4) Hepatic veins |
Hepatic Portal System(3)-> Intestinal veins(2)-> Liver(1) -> Hepatic Veins (4)
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What mechanism allows digestive tract to reabsorb 80-85% of the 8-9L of water added to digestive tract each day?
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Na+ is actively pumped out cell and water follows by osmosis.
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Name two minerals that are absorbed.
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Calcium (Ca2+), and Iron (Fe).
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Vitamins B and C are ___-soluble and move into cell by active Xport.
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Water soluble
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Vitamins A,D, and E are ____(1)-soluble, and there is no known mechanism but assumed to diffuse passively with _____(1).
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Fat
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Give two functions of large intestine.(larger diameter)
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-Storage of undigestible material material.
-Remove most of remaining water by absorption. |
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What mechanism(s) allow water to be absorbed in large intestine?
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Sodium is actively pumped out and water follows by osmosis.
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Other than water, what else does the large intestine absorb?
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material produced by bacteria living on undigestable material(small amounts of fatty acids and Vitamin K)
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What type of movement occurs mostly in large intestine? How often?
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Segmentation (mixing up), about every 30-minute cycle.
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What causes mass movement leading to defocation in large intestine? How often does this happen on average? What gives us the urge to defocate? (Talk about movement and Stretch receptors.)
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2-3 times daily. Strong Peristalsis causes material to be pushed into rectum in the form of feces. The stretching walls stimulate stretch receptors, this is the conscious urge to defocate.
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Is the Defecation reflex intrinsic or spinal reflex?
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Defecation is party intrinsic and partly spinal reflex.
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What muscle can override the defecation reflex.
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Conscious or voluntary control of the EXTERNAL anal sphincter can override reflex. Thank god
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How does a mass movement or peristalsis in large intestine influence internal anal sphincter with respect to defecation reflex?
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Internal anal sphincter large controlled by reflex, so a mass movement causes internal sphincter to relax.
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What muscles contract to expel feces? Which are voluntary.(Five mentioned in class)
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-Mostly non-voluntary: Internal anal sphincter, smooth muscle of rectum, distal large intestine.
-Mostly voluntary: External anal sphincter, abdominal, thoracic muscles. Raised pressure forces expulsion. |
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The Digestive System is stimulated by ______(1) N.S. and inhibited by ____(2) N.S.
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(1) Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation.
(2) Sympathetic nervous system inhibition. |
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Set of nerves that can control reflexes entirely within the digestive system are known as ____ N.S.
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Intrinsic(enteric) nervous system.
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Gastrin is a _____(1) hormone secreted by ______(2) and it also affects the ____(2), so the organ that secretes it is also affected. Causes increase in secretion of _______(3), release is triggered by _____(4) being in the stomach.
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(1)peptide
(2)stomach, stomach (3)stomach acid (4)food |
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This hormone's release is triggered by specific molecules being present in food and stretching of stomach...
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Gastrin
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Secretin is secreted in _____(1) and is an antagonist of ______(2). Secreted in response to acid in ______(3), causing pancreas to increase ______(4) secretion.
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(1)Duodenum
(2) Gastrin (3)Small intestine (4) HCO3- (Bicarbonate). |
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This hormone's release is triggered by acid in small intestine, so this decreases stomach acid production.
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Secretin
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Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by _____(1) and upper _____(2). Secreted in response to _____(3) and ______(4) in small intestine.
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(1) Duodenum
(2)Upper Jejunum (3) fatty acids (4) amino acids |
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This hormone's release is triggered by fatty acids and amino acids in small intestine. It causes gallbladder to contract and secrete bile into duodenum
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Cholecystokinin (CCK)
-This is the hormone released by duodenum and upper jejunum. |
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Cholecystokinin(CCK) is an enhancer of _____(1), magnifying the affect of __same___(1) Present
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(1) Secretin
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This hormone is secreted by same part of intestine that secretes CCK, increases motility or movement of digestive tract.
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Motilin. (released by duodenum and upper jejunum, same as CCK)
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"Migrating Motility complex" causes peristaltic waves that travel whole length of small intestine. What hormones causes this event to occur?
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Motilin
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_____(1) is released in waves when fasting
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(1) Motilin
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What is it meant that the endocrine system does not exist in the sense of other organ systems?
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This literal meaning infers that that some endocrine glands work together while some work independently, so glands do not work together like a true organ would.
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A chemical released directly into blood which produces a response in target cell or target tissue is a... (hint: usually released in very small amounts)
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Hormones
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This chemical causes a physiological change in target.
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Hormone
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What is an endocrine gland?
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A tissue or an organ that secretes a hormone.
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The _____(1) and the _____(2) are secondary endocrine glands. (hint: organs in digestive system)
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(1) Stomach
(2) intestines |
