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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tell me about Barrett's Esophagus. Do it.
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1. caused by GERD and a replacement of the squamous esopohageal epithelium with columnar and glandular gastric epithelium
2. can eventually cause tracheoesophageal fistulas or adenocarinoma 3. risk /\ with alcohol and tobacco use 4. dx with progressive dysphagia, weight loss, and visual + histological evidence by esophagoscopy |
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What is the most common type of esophageal CA? What is most common in the upper esophagus vs lower esophagus?
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MC in the world = SCC
lower 1/3 MC = adenocarcinoma upper 2/3 MC = SCC |
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What is the mechanism by which pernicious anemia is caused relating to gastric CA?
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Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor from parietal cells that prevents vit B12 from being absorbed. Atrophic gastritis is usually caused by an autoimmunity against either gastrin producing cells (G cells) or parietal cells. => atrophic gastritis => abnormal gastric mucosa
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What infectious agent is commonly associated with gastric CA and MALT CA and where does it come from?
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H. pylori is found in the environment. pts with a predisposition of gastric dysplasia have a higher risk of H. pylori infection becoming CA.
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What is the CEA tumor marker used for?
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NOT for dx'ing
use this tool to track the progression of CA. dx gastric CA with scope visualization and biopsy. |
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What is acanthosis nigricans and in what CA is it usually found?
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in general, acanthosis nigricans is a subdermal thickening in the neck and under the arms. it is commonly seen in abdominal CA as well as in insulin resistant conditions.
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How is pancreatic CA dx'ed?
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US or CT
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What is the most common clinical presentation of pancreatic CA?
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weight loss, paniless jaundice, palpable gallbladder
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What are the MC pancreatic CAs?
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ductal adenocarcinomas involving the pancreatic head
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What type of polyp has the highest risk of colorectal invasion => CA?
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adenomatous polyp
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What is the standard dx method of evaluation for colorectal CA?
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colonoscopy
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When does colorectal CA present with iron deficient anemia and possibly obstruction, N/V, severe pain?
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if the CA is in the cecum
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What autosomal dominant risk factor caries a very high CA risk?
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familial polyposis (polyposis coli)
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What other (besides familial polyposis) hereditary risk factors exist for colorectal CA?
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1. gardner's syndrome
2. generalized adenomatous polyposis 3. autosomal recessive Turcot's syndrome |
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What colorectal polyp has the highest risk of invasion?
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adenomatous polyp
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What type of adenoma (tubular, tubulovillous, or villous adenomas) are the most malignant type?
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villous
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How's your father?
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just fine, thank you.
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Why do you not use CEA for liver CA dx?
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it can be false + in IBD, polyps, cirrhosis, pancreatitis, COPD, smokers
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What precursor to liver CA has the highest risk of becoming CA?
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hemachromatosis - iron overload
leads to cirrhosis => liver CA |
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How is liver CA dx'ed?
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CT, US, needle biopsy.
serum alpha fetoprotein (for screening, not dx) |
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What is the most common type of liver CA?
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hepatocellular carcinoma
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