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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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biconcave disks that are 7-8microns with a lifespan averaging 120 days are...
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RBCs
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What condition would result if barometric pressure was decreased? (Low O2)
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Hypoxia
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what is the result of lowered O2? (hypoxia)
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creation of erythropoietin.
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What is the function of erythropoietin?
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tells bone marrow to make RBCs.
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Most numerous element in blood is?
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RBCs
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These are a defense mechanism found in the blood, essential for immune response, phagocytosis.
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White blood cells aka leukocytes.
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What are thrombocytes and what are they needed for?
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Blood platelets, they are fragments of a larger cell and are needed for Blood Coagulation.
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What is hemostasis?
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To stop bleeding.
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what causes vasoconstriction(mechanically)?
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contraction of smooth muscle in wall of vessel. local event
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aggregation of platelets in small vessel can form...
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a platelet plug
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Give general info on the three stages of blood coagulation
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Stage I - Formation of prothrombin Activator complex.
Stage 2 - Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Stage 3 - Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin strands. |
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What protein leads to formation of Prothrombin Activator Complex (PAC)?
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THromboplastin
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Trauma to tissue (intrisic or extrinsic pathway of blood coaguation)?
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Extrinsic
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blood in glass (intrisic or extrinsic pathway of blood coaguation)?
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intrinsic
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what is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways?
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intrinsic happens inside the blood while extrinsic occurs from events that begin in tissues outside of the blood.
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What turns fibrinogen into fibrin?
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Thrombin
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What is needed to turn fibrin monomer into fibrin polymer
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Calcium is essential for polymerization. Fibrin stabilizing factor.
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What turns prothrombin(present in blood) into thrombin?
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Prothrombin Activator complex (PAC)
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What is serum?
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Fluid pushed out of clot after coagulation, does not contain clotting factors.
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What anticoagulant effects mast cells?
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Heparin
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A calcium chelator such as EGTA can be used as...
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An anticoagulant since Ca2+ is a necessary component of blood clotting.
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What vitamin is responsible for some clotting factors?
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Vitamin K
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What causes a stroke?
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Blood clot within the brain.
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What causes heart attack?
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Blood clot in heart vessel.
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How to remove a blood clot?
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Fibrinolysis by serine protease.
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Fibrinolysis can be done by this serine protease, ____(1) which is released by _______(2).
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1-plasmin
2-plasminogen |
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Tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase (Beta-hemolytic streptococci) has what role in relation to blood.
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turning plasminogen(globulin) into plasmin (fibrin).
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AP in the heart is called....
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Cardiac impulse
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Cardiac impulse is what kind of event? (systolic/diastolic)
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systolic
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Explain phases and details for this representation of transmembrane potential in a typical cardiac cell.
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0-rapid depolarization; opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.
1-notch-"fast" Na+ channels close shortly after opening. 2-Plateau phase-depolarization maintained by increasing Ca++ Conductance and keeping K+ conductance low. 3-Repolarization phase;Increase in K+ conductance. 4-Resting potential. |
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Refractory period
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does not respond to same stimuli, must be increased.
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Absolute Refractory period
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no response regardless of stimulus
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Refractory period is exceptionally long, what does this mean for Absolute Refractory period?
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ARPeriod is about 70-85% of AP.
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What structure in cardiac muscle makes electrical activity from one cell to it's neighbor possible?
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Gap junctions.
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Relaxation (diastole/systole)?
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diastole
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contraction (diastole/systole)?
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systole
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give name of every red dot
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Chapter 11 Fig. 1
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Give the first four steps of cardiac impulse, beginning at initial AP.
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SA node -> AV node -> Bundle of His ->Purkinje Fibers
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What node depolarizes spontaneously? And what is spontaneous depolarization?
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SA node. Spontaneous depolarization means without external electrical stimulation from the nervous system.
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How many times in a minute does SA node mormally depolarize?
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70 times
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What is an ectopic pacemaker
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If cardiac impulse originates @ place other than SA node, aka abnormal pacemaker.
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What would cause a compensatory pause.
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Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC). Extra details on PVC; extrasystole originated from an ectopic focus located in ventricles, makes QRS broad and unusual. premature atrial contraction have an early P wave with modified shape.
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Where can Beta-1 receptors be found and what effect to they have?
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Heart contains B1-receptors which riase HR and contractility. (sympathetic)
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Where can Beta-2 receptors be located and what effect do they have?
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Lungs, cause bronchodilation. (sympathetic)
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Abnormal bronchoconstriction is a problem known as...
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Asthma
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What is best drug type that cuases vasodilation of bronchioles?
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Beta-2 Agonist ( adrenergic)
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Why would epinephrine be a bad choice for causing vasodilation clinically?
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Effects more than just Beta-2 Agonist, would have many side effects.
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Give name of synthetic Beta agonist and antagonist.
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Agonist: Isoproterenal
Antagonist: Propanalol |
