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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do you differentiate immunization and vaccination?
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1. immunization - any antigenic stimulus that produces an adaptive immune response and memory for that Ab. can be passive or active.
2. vaccination - intentional delivery of antigenic stimulus usually used interchangeably |
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What is the difference between a prime and a boost?
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prime - initial vaccination that mimics a primary infection
boost - occurs after the prime and provides a boosted immune response |
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What is herd immunity?
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the immunity of an entire population as a result of vaccinating a specific number, X, where X is less than the whole population. essentially, it's a statistical benefit.
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Who should not be vaccinated, thus, herd immunity is essential?
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immunocompromised
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What is the best and least used introduction of a vaccine and why?
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subcutaneous because the langherhan dendritic cells reside there are it will provide the best immune response. it's not used because it's not practical to introduce a large amount of fluid into the subcu space.
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What is the criteria for an effective vaccine?
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1. safe
2. provide protection against exposure 3. provide protective immunity by antibodies and T cell generation 4. inexpensive and easily distributed for a large group of people |
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What are some obstacles in vaccinating children and the elderly?
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1. neonates still have maternal Ab, so there is interference. also, the adaptive immune response is not completely developed in neonates.
2. elderly immune system is compromised senescently |
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What are the types of vaccines?
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1. live vaccines
2. inactivated vaccines 3. experimental vaccines (naked DNA west nile virus) |
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How did the smallpox vaccine develop?
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cowpox and smallpox have overlapping Ag and so cowpox is used. it is a live virus
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How does a live, attenuated vaccine work?
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1. isolate a vaccine from a human and culture it to infect monkey cells
2. the mutations that the virus undergoes are specific for monkey cells 3. reintroduce it to humans and it won't get you as sick, but will allow you to produce good immunological response example: flu vaccine |
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What is an killed/inactivated vaccine?
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pathogen is inactivated in a number of different ways so that the virus won't reproduce, but the Ag response still occurs
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What is a subunit vaccine?
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use subunits of viruses to produce Ag:Ab response. this method requires boosting
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What is a toxoid vaccine?
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toxins are purified and inactivated and introduced
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What is a conjugate vaccine?
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a polysaccharide from bacteria to an Ag or toxoid and you get a more robust Ag:Ab response
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How does an adjuvant work?
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an adjuvant is any addition to a vaccine that heightens the effectiveness. two main desirable effects are:
1. oil suspension prolongs dispersal into tissue 2. adjuvant accelerates APC activated inflammation -> T cell activation |
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What is Freund's adjuvant?
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oil and water emulsion
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