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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the equation for urinary filtration?
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GFR x Plasma Conc
Ex. GFR = 100 mL/min Plasma Conc = 140 mEq/L Filtration = 0.1 L/min x 140 mEq/L Filtration = 14 |
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What is the equation for urinary excretion?
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Urine Flow x Urinary Conc of solute
Ex. Urine flow = 1 mL/min Urine Conc of solute = 100 mEq/L Excretion = 0.001 L/min x 100 mEq/L Excretion = 0.1 |
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What is the equation for urinary reabsorption?
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Urinary Filtration - Urinary Excretion
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A deficiency in C3 complement would predispose pts. to what types of infections?
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Gram-neg rods (E. Coli)
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A deficiency in C6 complement would predispose pts. to what type of infections?
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Encapsulated organisms
Mneumonic for encapsulated organisms: Kapsules Shield SHiN Klebsiella Salmonella Streptococcus Pneumonia H. Influenza N. Gonorrhea |
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A deficiency in neutrophils would predispose pts. to what type of infections?
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Gram positive bacteria & Pseudomonas
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A deficiency in T-Cells would predispose pts. to what type of infections?
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Viral, parasitic, & fungal infections
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A 4 year old pt. presents to your clinic for the 3rd time in his life w/ signs of meningococcal meningitis.
Which immunologic defense mechanism is likely deficient in this patient? |
C6 complement deficiency
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Where do the majority of disc herniations occur?
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95% occur between L4/L5 & L5/S1
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Disc herniation at which spinal level would compress the L4 spinal nerve?
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L3/L4
Herniation must occur one spinal segment above the nerve in question |
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Which receptor is deficient in Hypercholesterolemia type IIa?
What type of inheritence pattern does it follow? |
Deficiency of LDL cell-surface receptors
Autosomal Dominant disease Characterized by elevated LDL cholesterol and an increased risk for atherosclerosis |
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Which of the following drugs would be associated w/ facial flushing after consuming hot liquids?
Cholestyramine Colesevelam Gemfibrozil Niacin Lovostatin |
Niacin
Mediated by Prostaglandin release |
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How might you avoid the side effects associated w/ Niacin?
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Take an aspirin 1/2 hour before dosing
Aspirin inhibits PG synthesis by inhibiting COX |
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Which cardiac defect(s) is/are associated w/ Down Syndrome?
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ASD
VSD AV septal defect AV septal defect results in systolic regurgitant murmur of tricuspid insufficiency, LAD, PR prolongation, LV hypertrophy |
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Which 2 classes of antiarrhythmics will increase QT interval?
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Class Ia
Class III Note: Class III does not cause Torsades de Pointes |
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Which class of antiarrhythmatics will decrease AP duration?
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Class Ib
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Which antiarrhythmatic is associated w/ increased PR interval, bradycardia, scooped S-T segment, and yellow vision?
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Digoxin
Yellow, blurry vision - think Van Gogh |
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Peaked T-Waves on ECG would be associated w/ what?
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Hyperkalemia
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What would be the most likely electrolyte imbalance associated w/ decreased Q-T interval & shortened S-T segments?
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Hypercalcemia
Think of the same mechanism of Digoxin, leading to an increase in intracellular Ca2+ |
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U waves & flattened T waves are associated w/ what?
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Hypokalemia
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What type of murmur would be found in the Pulmonic area?
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Pulmonic Stenosis - Systolic murmur, w/ ejection click
ASD - Diastolic murmur |
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What type of murmur would be found in the Aortic area?
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Aortic stenosis - Systolic murmur, w/ ejection click
Aortic valve sclerosis |
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What type of murmur would be found in the Mitral area?
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Systolic:
Mitral valve regurgitation - Enhanced by squatting or hand grip Diastolic: Mitral valve stenosis |
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What type of murmur would be found in the Tricuspid area?
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Systolic:
Tricuspid regurgitation - Enhanced by inspiration VSD - Harsh-sounding Diastolic: Tricuspid stenosis ASD |
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Which lipid-lowering agent would have the greatest effect on LDL?
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Statins
Followed by Niacin, Bile Acids & Cholesterol Inhibitors tied for 2nd |
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Which lipid-lowering agent would have the greatest effect on HDL?
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Niacin
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Which lipid-lowering agent would have the greatest effect on Triglycerides?
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Fibrates
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A patient is suffering from tamponade and an ECG is performed. What is most likely to be seen on the ECG?
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Reduced voltage
Pericardial effusion will increase the distance between the heart and the electrodes |
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Your patient presents w/ severe muscle pain after taking his new drug for hyperlipidemia.
Which class of drugs was he most likely on? |
Statin
Statins cause Rhabdomyolysis |
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Which valvular defect would result in a midsystolic click?
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Mitral prolapse
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Which valvular defect would result in a systolic ejection murmur?
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Mitral regurgitation
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