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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the causative agent of Leprosy?
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Mycobacterium leprae, acid-fast bacillus
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How is Mycobacterium leprae transmitted?
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respiratory droplets
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What is the transmission pathway for leprosy?
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Respiratory droplets from an infected person get inhaled by uninfected person. alveolar macrophages phagocytose Mycobacterium leprae and disseminate in the bloodstream.
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What temperature does Mycobacterium leprae prefer to grow in and how does that reflect the cell type in which it grows?
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cooler temperatures
skin cells and peripheral nerves |
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What is the difference between tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy?
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tuberculoid leprosy (paucibacillary) is the milder form of leprosy resulting from a strong cellular response. bacteria are not found in the tuberculoid leprosy-like lesions.
lepromatous leprosy (multibacillary) results from a trivial immune response and it shows up as a much more striking destruction of peripheral tissue. |
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How long does it take for Mycobacterium leprae to show symptoms of infection?
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can take years
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What is the causative agent of Anthrax?
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Bacillus anthracis, Gram(+), endospore-forming bacillus
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What two ways can anthrax be transferred?
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breathe in spores
spores get into skin lesions |
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What is the transmission pathway for anthrax?
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spores are inhaled
alveolar macrpohages engulf anthrax is moved to lymph nodes spores germinate and replicate bacteremia |
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What are the two stages of anthrax infection?
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first stage: fever, shortness of breath, cough, headache, vomiting, chills, chest/abdominal pain
second stage: worsening fever, edema, massively enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, meningitis |
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If untreated what is the mortality rate for anthrax infection?
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95% within three days of symptoms
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What is the difference between acute and chronic sinusitis?
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acute = < 12 wks
chronic = < 12 wks |
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What organisms cause acute sinusitis?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae, nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis
which all happen to be causative agents of typical pneumonia |
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What organisms cause chronic sinusitis?
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Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, anaerobic bacteria and gram-negative bacteria are commonly isolated from the sinuses of patients with chronic sinusitis. The bacteria which cause chronic sinusitis are normal inhabitants of skin, anterior nares or oral cavity.
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What are complications of sinusitis?
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otitis media
osteomyelitis orbital problems brain abscesses bacteremia induced organ seeding |
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What is the antibiotic of choice for sinusitis?
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Amoxicillin/clavulanate = Augmentin
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What are the 4 concerning issues with infections from normal oral flora?
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1) actinomycosis
2) meningococcal disease 3) aspiration pneumonia 4) abscesses |
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What is the causative agent for Actinomycosis?
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Actinomyces israelii and other microbes, so polymicrobial
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What is the most common form of actinomycosis?
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cervicofacial that involves a swelling of the soft tissue at the angle of the jaw
(pic) |
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What is the cause of cervicofacial actinomycosis?
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oral surgery
poor dental hygiene |
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What causes thoracic actinomycosis?
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oropharyngeal secretions are aspirated into the lungs.
these can form abscesses that drain through the chest wall |
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What is the causative agent of meningococcal disease?
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Neisseria meningitidis
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How is meningococcal disease spread?
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a non-resident strain of Neisseria meningitidis is transferred between people by respiratory droplets
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What is it called when meningococcal disease is spread to the blood?
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septiciemia called meningococcemia which can lead to meningitis
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How does meningococcemia present clinically?
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petechiae (rash all over body), upper respiratory tract infection before the onset of fever, chill, headache, nausea, vomiting
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What is fulminant meningococcemia?
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Full on, bad news bears meningococcemia. pts suffer high fever, shock, petechiae coalesce into large lesions and disseminated intravascular coagulation occurs.
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What is the mortality rate for fulminant meningococcemia even in spite of proper antibiotic tx?
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50%
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What is aspiration pneumonia?
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aspirating gastric secretions into the lungs as well as oropharynx normal flora
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What are the two conditions that can increase risk for aspiration pneumonia?
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periodontal disease and conditions that alter consciousness (alcoholism, seizures, anesthesia)
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What normal flora are involved with aspiration pneumonia?
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Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Peptostreptococcus which are all normal oral flora
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What other bacteria are present besides the normal flora that will be found in aspiration pneumonia?
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Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
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What is the most common abscess of the head and neck?
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peritonsillar
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What are symptoms common to peritonsillar abscesses?
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sore throat that is resistant to antibiotics, fever, drooling, ear pain
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What bacteria are common with peritonsillar abscesses?
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polymicrobial and including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Prevotella, Porphyromonas and Bacteroides.
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What is special about antibiotic treatment regarding abscesses?
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antibiotics must be supplemented with surgical draining
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What are the three bacteria that cause complications of cystic fibrosis in the end stage lung disease?
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia (formerly Pseudomonas cepacia),
and Staphylococcus aureus. |
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How do you treat cystic fibrosis complicated with bacteria infected end-stage lung disease?
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biofilm and antibiotic resistance prevents effective treatment
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