0014 Praxis Science

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a natural process by which some of the radiant heat from the Sun is captured in the lower atmosphere of the Earth, thus maintaining the temperature of the Earth's surface

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greenhouse effect

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the capacity for doing work that a body possesses because of its position or condition

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potential energy

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the form of energy involved in chemical reactions

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chemical energy

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the energy a body possesses because it is in motion

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kinetic energy

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the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules is measured by the...

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temperature of the body

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study of the earth

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geology

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study of the forces that drive the activity on the surface

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geophysics

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study of ancient life forms

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paleontology

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the cycle of the Earth's water

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hydro logic cycle

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the blanket of gas on the surface of the planet

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atmosphere

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a region of the atmosphere that begins at an altitude of about thirty miles

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ionosphere

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lowest layer of the atmosphere

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troposphere

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the dozen or so plates that make up the surface of the Earth

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tectonic plates

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pressure caused by weight of the air above a given point

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atmospheric pressure

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to measure atmospheric pressure

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barometer

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third planet from the sun

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earth

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hard, dense igneous rock makes up most of the tectonic plates and part of the earth's crust beneath the oceans

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basalt

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an imaginary geographic line defined by the fact that the water poured on one side of it would ultimately flow into the ocean on one side of the continent

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continental divide

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North America's continental divide is located on the______

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Rocky Mountains

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means the continents are not stationary

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continental drift

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region adjoining the coastline of a continent, where the ocean is no more than a few hundred feet deep.

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continental shelf

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large parts of the surface of the earth that rise above sea level

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continents

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central region of the earth and made of nickel and iron.

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core

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region of the interior of Earth between core and crust. (3/4 of the volume of the earth)

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mantle

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outermost layer of the earth. It overlies the mantle. includes continents and ocean bottom

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crust

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a place where sections of the crust of the Earth move relative to each other.

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fault

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old life from 540 to 225 million years ago

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Paleozoic Era

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middle life from 225 million to 65 million (dinosaurs flourished)

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Mesozoic Era

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modern life from 65 million to present

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Cenozoic Era

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philosopher of the 18th century. Founder of modern geology.

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James Hutton

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can be beneath earth's surface and at surface in lava

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igneous rock

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molten rock located deep in the mantle of earth and occasionally comes through cracks in the mantle or volcano eruptions

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magma

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outer layer of the earth, compromising the crust

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lithosphere

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19th century philosopher of geology and principles of geology

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Charles Lyell

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daily conditions in the atmosphere

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weather

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study of weather and climate

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meteorology

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an artificial satellite that revolves around the Earth and detects weather patterns

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weather satellite

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circular wind motion

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cyclone

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a type of cyclone occurring in western regions

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typhoon

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large tropical store system

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hurricane

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winds in tunnel shaped pattern

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tornado

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large wave of ocean

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tsunami

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west to east winds that occur in the temperature zones of Earth

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prevailing westerlies

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fall of water, ice, or snow from the atmosphere

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precipitation

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a wind system that affects large climatic regions and reverses direction seasonally

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monsoon

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long term weather conditions in a small area on earth

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micro climate

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electrical discharge from clouds that have acquired an electrical charge during storms

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lightening

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a narrow band of swiftly moving air found at very high altitudes

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jet stream

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blows from land toward the sea after sunset

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land breeze

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a type of weathering in which surface soil and rock are worn away through the action of glaciers, water, and wind.

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erosion

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used for plants (loss of topsoil through erosion is a major problem)

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topsoil

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removing a mineral deposit from the Earth after first removing the layer of earth above it

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strip mining

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process minerals form or deposit in layers

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stratification

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rock structures that grow up from the floors of caves at water drips down and deposits minerals

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stalagmites

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on ceiling of caves rock formed

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stalactites

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formed by the cooling and solidifying of molten materials

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igneous rock

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rock that was once one form of rock but has changed to another under the influence of heat, pressure, or the agent without passing through liquid phase

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metamorphic rock

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formed through the deposition and solidification of sediment, especially sediments transported by water, ice, and wind

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sedimentary rock

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how is soil formed?

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it is produced by the weathering of rocks

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What is the difference between a rock and a mineral?

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rocks are aggregates of minerals

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what substances are found in concrete?

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sand, water, rock, and sandstone

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Four major oceans

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Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic

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What gases comprise the atmosphere?

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80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen

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How is the atmosphere in layers?

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Ionosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere

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Which layer is aurora borealis?

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Thermosphere

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How is air pressure measure?

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barometer

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What causes tides?

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the moon on the Earth

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particles of water or ice suspended in the air

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clouds

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a technique for producing rain by dropping chemicals or small objects into clouds

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cloud seeding

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Major types of clouds

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cirrus, stratus, nimbus

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lacy or wispy clouds that form at high altitudes, before change of weather

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cirrus clouds

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low clouds over large portion of sky (overcast)

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stratus

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dark clouds (storms)

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nimbus

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how are the inner planets different from the outer planets?

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the inner are rocky. the outer consist mostly of gases and liquids.

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an object that enters the inner solar system typically in a very elongated orbit around the sun

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comets

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a streak of light in the sky often called a shooting star that occurs when a bit of extraterrestrial matter falls into the atmosphere of the Earth and burns

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meteor

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the basic unit of all living things except viruses

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cells

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use by green plants of the energy in sunlight to carry out chemical reactions such as the conversion of carbon dioxide into oxygen

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photosynthesis

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the spreading of atoms or molecules of one substance through those of another especially into liquids or gases

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diffusion

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the seeping of a fluid through a seemingly solid barrier such as a cell wall or rubber sheet

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osmosis

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lose water vapor; to lose water vapor from a plant's surface, especially through minute surface pores

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transpiration

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the conversion of oxygen by living things into the energy by which they continue life

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respiration

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development from a lower or simpler to a or more complex form

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growth

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the genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring

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heredity

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the branch of biology that deals with heredity, especially the mechanisms of heredity transmission and the variation of inherited characteristics among similar or related organisms

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genetics

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A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA

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DNA

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A heredity unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines a particular characteristic in an organism

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genes

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a threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of heredity information

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chromosome

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a succession of organisms in an ecological community that constitutes a continuation of food energy from one organism to another as each consumes a lower member and in turn is preyard upon a higher member

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food chain

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a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains

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food web

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a composition of two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and are capable of being separated

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mixtures

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a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these

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solution

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something that occupies space that can be perceived by one or more senses

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matter

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a unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element, having all the characteristics of that element and consisting of a dense, central, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons

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atom

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a substance composed of atoms having an identical number of protons in each nucleus

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element

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the capacity of a physical system to do work

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energy

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the form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules and capable of being transmitted though solid and fluid media by conduction, through fluid media by convection, and through empty space by radiation

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heat

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the transmission or conveying of something through a medium or passage

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conduction

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heat transfer in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one region to another

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convection

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emission and propagation and emission of energy in the form of rays or waves

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radiation

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vibrations transmitted through an elastic solid or a liquid or gas

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sound

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the study of plants

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botany

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the science that covers animals and animal life

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zoology

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the science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness, disease, and injury

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medicine

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main job is to allow bones to move in different directions

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joints

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tough, strong, and flexible tissue that holds joints together.

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ligaments

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make involuntary and voluntary body movement possible

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muscles

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hold your muscles to your bones

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tendons

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manufactures substances that help your body to function in various ways

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glands

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make hormones, which tell the different parts of the body when to work

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endocrine glands

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keep your skin from drying out

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oil glands

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make saliva, which helps to digest carbohydrates in your mouth and aids in swallowing

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salivary glands

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make perspiration, which regulates your body temperature

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sweat glands

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main job is to perform the many jobs necessary to stay alive, such as moving oxygen around your body, taking care of the fuel supply, communications, and waste removal

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cells

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largest human cell

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egg

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help build your skeleton by secreting the fibers and minerals from which bone is made

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bone cells

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store fat. they can shrink or grow. once you have them you can't get rid of them

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fat cells

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organized into muscles, which move body parts

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muscle cells

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pass nerve messages around yyour body

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nerve cells

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carry oxygen around your body

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red blood cells

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fight diseases

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white blood cells

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Earth's diameter

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7,926.2 miles

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Earth's mean distance from the sun

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92.9 million miles

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stages of mitosis

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interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase

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the chromosomes are dispersed in the nucleus and appear as a network of long, thin threads or filaments, called the chromatin

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interphase

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the two chromatids remain attached to one another at a region called the centromere, but each contracts into a compact tightly coiled body; the nucleous and, in most cases, the nuclear envelope break down and disappear

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prophase

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the chromosomes congregate at a plane midway between the two ends to which the spindle tapers

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metaphase

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the two chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles, as if pulled along the spinde fibers by the centromeres

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anaphase

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process of nuclear division in a living cell by which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half the original number

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meiosis

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process of nuclear division in a living cell by which the carriers of hereditary information, or the chromosomes, are exactly replicated and the two copies distributed to identical daughter nuclei

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mitosis

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the gradual increase of the temperature of the earth's lower atmosphere as in result of the increase in greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution

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global warming