00 - Fas1 - Behavioral Science I

Front 1

Case Control study

- compares what groups?
- asks "what......?"

Back 1

- with DISEASE vs. without DISEASE

- "What HAPPENED?"

Front 2

Case Control study

- measures what?

Back 2

- Odds Ratio (OR)

Front 3

Cohort study

- compares what groups?
- asks "what ......?"

Back 3

- w/ RISK FACTOR vs. w/o RISK FACTOR

- "What WILL HAPPEN?"

Front 4

Cohort study

- measures what?

Back 4

- Relative Risk (RR)

Front 5

Cross Sectional Study

- asks "what .......?"

Back 5

- "What ...IS HAPPENING?"

Front 6

Cross Sectional Study

- measures what?

Back 6

Disease Prevalence

(Dz freq. & related risk factors)

Front 7

Cross Sectional study

- can show what?
- but does NOT show what?

Back 7

- Risk Factor association with Dz

- does NOT Establish Causality

Front 8

Twin Concordance Study

- compares what data?
- compares btw what groups?

Back 8

- Frequency of Dz (prevalence)

- monozygotic twins & dizygotic twins

Front 9

Adoption Study

- compares what data?
- compares btw what groups?

Back 9

- Frequency of Dz (prevalence)

- Siblings raised by biologic vs. adoptive parents

Front 10

Twin Concordance study measures?

Adoption study measures?

Back 10

- Heritability

- Heritability & Environmental Factors

Front 11

Clinical Trials Phase I

- Sample size
- Type of patients
- Purpose

Back 11

- Small number of patients

- Healthy volunteers

- Pharmacokinetics
(safety & toxicity)

Front 12

Clinical Trials Phase II

- Sample size
- Type of patients
- Purpose

Back 12

- Small number of patients

- Pts with Disease of interest

- Pharmacodynamics
(efficacy & dosing & side effects)

Front 13

Clinical Trials Phase III

- Sample size
- Type of patients
- Purpose

Back 13

- Large number of patients

- Pts with Disease of interest
randomly assigned to either New Tx or to best available Tx (or placebo)

- Compares new Tx to current standard of care

Front 14

Highest echelon of clinical evidence occurs with what type of study?

How is this study performed?

Back 14

Meta-Analysis

- pools data from several studies to achieve overall conclusion

Front 15

Sensitivity & Specificity Table

Back 15

Sensitivity & Specificity Table

Front 16

Ratio Calculation Table

Back 16

Ratio Calculation Table

Front 17

Hypothesis Table

Back 17

Hypothesis Table

Front 18

Sensitivity = ?

Back 18

= TP / (TP + FN)

Front 19

Specificity = ?

Back 19

= TN / (TN + FP)

Front 20

Sensitivity --> 1 is desirable to rule _____ disease?

Specificity --> 1 is desirable to rule _____ disease?

Back 20

- Out
(indicates low FP rate)

- In
(indicates low FN rate)

Front 21

Sensitivity = 1 - ?

Specificity = 1 - ?

Back 21

- False Negative rate

- False Positive rate

Front 22

If 100% sensitivity, then all negatives must be?

Back 22

- True Negatives

(FN = 0)

Front 23

If 100% specificity, then all positives must be?

Back 23

- True Positives

(FP = 0)

Front 24

Sensitivity is used as a screening tool in what type of diseases?

Back 24

- diseases with Low Prevalence

Front 25

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) = ?

Back 25

= TP / (TP + FP)

Front 26

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) = ?

Back 26

= TN / (TN + FN)

Front 27

Sensitivity measures _______ of people who ______.

PPV measures _______ of test results that are ______.

Back 27

- Proportion
- Test Positive

- Probability
- TP

Front 28

A, B, & C indicates?

Back 28

A = 100% sensitive
B = Most ACCURATE
C = 100% specific

Front 29

Under what conditions would a High Sensitivity or Specificity provide a Low PPV?

Back 29

- if the Prevalence is Low

Front 30

Odds ratio = ?

Back 30

= (a/d) / (b/c)

(or .... = ac / bd)

Front 31

Relative risk = ?

Back 31

= [a / (a+b)] / [c / (c+d)]

Front 32

Attributable risk = ?

Back 32

= [a / (a+b)] - [c / (c+d)]

Front 33

H0 is what?
H1 is what?

Back 33

- Null hypothesis
- Alternate hypothesis

Front 34

Null hypothesis implies what association?

Back 34

No association btw Dz & Risk factor

Front 35

Alternate Hypothesis (H1) implies what association?

Back 35

- Association exists btw Dz & Risk Factor

Front 36

Alpha & Beta is what type of error?

Back 36

Type I error

Type II error

Front 37

Type I error (Alpha) occurs when a study shows what?

Back 37

Effect (or difference) Exists
when in reality None Exists

("convicting an innocent man")

Front 38

Type II error (Beta) occurs when a study shows what?

Back 38

No Effect (or difference) Exists
when in reality, it Exists

("setting a guilty man free")

Front 39

In assessing errors, what is ... p?

Back 39

- probability of making a Type I error

Front 40

In assessing errors, what does it mean when p < 0.05?

Back 40

- less than 5% chance that
data will show something
that is NOT really there

Front 41

Mistakingly accepting Experimental hypothesis (H1), while rejecting Null hypothesis (H0) is called?

Back 41

- Type I error

Front 42

Mistakingly accepting Null Hypothesis (H0), when in reality the Experimental Hypothesis (H1) is false is called?

Back 42

- Type II error

Front 43

Power is defined as the probability of?

Back 43

- rejecting Null hypothesis (H0)
when it is false

(likelihood of finding a difference that exists)

Front 44

Equation

- Power = ?

Back 44

= 1 - B

Front 45

Percentage within

- 1 standard deviation
- 2 standard deviation
- 3 standard deviation

Back 45

- 68.0 %

- 95.0 %

- 99.7 %

Front 46

Equation

- Standard Error of Mean (SEM) =

Back 46

= SD / (sqrt of n)

(SD = Standard Deviation)
(n = sample size)

Front 47

As SAMPLE SIZE (n) increases,

- Standard Error of Mean (SEM) will?
- compare SEM to SD

Back 47

- decrease

- less than SD

Front 48

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL (CI)

- is the range btw?

Back 48

[mean - Z(SEM)]
to
[mean + Z(SEM)]

Front 49

95% Confidence Interval implies what:

- p value?
- Z value?

Back 49

p = 0.05

Z = 1.96

Front 50

Define ........ t - test

Back 50

Difference btw the MEANS of 2 groups

("Mr. T is Mean")

Front 51

Define ....... ANOVA test

Back 51

Difference btw the MEANS of 3+ groups

(ANalysis Of VAriance of 3+ variables)

Front 52

Chi-Squared (X^2)

- compares?

Back 52

2 or more proportions (or percentages)

(or categorical outcomes, not means)

Front 53

Correlation Coefficient (r)

- if value is closer to 1, it implies what?

Back 53

- stronger correlation btw 2 variables

Front 54

Equation

- Coefficient of Determination = ?

Back 54

= r^2

Front 55

BMI

- equation

Back 55

= [(weight in kg) / (height in meters)^2]

Front 56

BMI

- normal values
- obese values
- morbidly obese values

Back 56

Normal: 18.5 to 24.9

Obese: > 30.0

Morbidly Obese: > 40.0

Front 57

Type of Skew & Implies what?

Back 57

Positive Skew
(Positively RIGHT on the Tail)

Mean > Median > Mode

Front 58

Type of Skew & Implies what?

Back 58

Negative Skew

Mean < Median < Mode
(Left Tail...Means Less)

Front 59

What variable is affected LEAST by Outliers?

Back 59

- Mode

Front 60

Random Error

- implies test study has REDUCED value of what?

Back 60

(REP SAV)

- Reduced PRECISION

Front 61

Systemic Error

- implies test study has REDUCED value of what?

Back 61

(REP SAV)

- Reduced ACCURACY

Front 62

Precision implies what occurence in test measurements?

Precision implies the absence of what in test measurements?

Back 62

- Consistency & Reproducibility
(Reliability)

- Random Variation

Front 63

Accuracy implies what occurence in test measurements?

Back 63

- Trueness
(Validity)

Front 64

Picture depicts what?

Back 64

Left = Accuracy (reliability)

Right = Precision (validity)

Front 65

H0 is NOT rejected, if the 95% CI for:

- MEAN difference btw 2 variables .....

Back 65

- includes 0

Front 66

H0 is NOT rejected, if the 95% CI for:

- OR or RR ........

Back 66

- includes 1