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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Processes of memory |
Encoding Storage Retrieval |
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What is encoding? |
Encoding- transforming information into a useful form so it can be held in the brain
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Types of encoding |
Semantic- Changing Information by its meaning so it can be stored Acoustic- Changing Information by its sounds so it can be stored Visual- Changing information by its looks so it can be stored Tactile- Changing information by how it feels to touch so it can be stored Olfactory- Changing information by its smell so it can be stored |
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What is storage? |
Storage- Holding information in the memory so it can be retrieved later |
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What is retrieval? |
Retrieval- Locating and bringing back information into the mind. |
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Types of retrieval |
Cued recall- locating information with a clue Free recall- locating information without a clue Recognition - identifying from options |
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Baddeley’s Study of Encoding Aim, method, results and conclusion |
Aim- To see if there was a difference in the type of encoding used in STM and LTM Method- Participants learned words similar or dissimilar sounding, (eg cat, cab, can or pit, few, cow). Immediate recall. Learned words with dissimilar or similar meanings. Recall after 20 minutes. Results- similar sounding words were poorly recalled in STM, words with similar meaning were poorly recalled in LTM. Conclusion- Encoding is mainly acoustic in STM, mainly semantic in LTM. |
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Evaluation of Baddeley’s study of encoding |
Positive- Well controlled experiment. Extraneous variables such as hearing reduced by giving participants hearing test. Negative- Encoding in STM is sometimes visual, this hasn’t been tested in this experiment. Negative- LTM may not be realistically tested if participants waited 20 minutes before recall, as usually information has to be stored for a longer period of time. So conclusion may lack validity. Negative- Unrealistic task, don’t usually have to remember lists of words. May lack ecological validity. |
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What is the multi store model of memory? |
Three memory stores- sensory, short term, long term. Information moves between these stores by paying attention, verbal rehearsal or semantic encoding. |
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Sensory memory |
Duration of less than 3 seconds Huge capacity Moves to short term memory by paying attention. |
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Short term memory |
Duration of 20-30 seconds- can be extended with verbal rehearsal Capacity of 7 (+/-2) - Can be enlarged by chunking information Information moves to LTM by semantic encoding or repeated verbal rehearsal. Mainly acoustic encoding. |
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Role of rehearsal |
Keeps information in STM Can transfer information to LTM. |
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Long term memory |
Huge capacity Duration of up to a lifetime Semantic encoding or repeated rehearsal |
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Evaluation of MSMM |
Positive- backed up by evidence, Baddeleys study on encoding. Shows qualitative differences between different stores of memory. Negative- Artificial tasks, word lists aren’t realistic of everyday memory tasks. Lacks ecological validity. Negative- Too simplistic, more than one store of LTM. |
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What do the structures of memory show? |
How information is arranged in the brain |
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Primacy and Recency Effects |
Primacy- words at beginning are rehearsed more and therefore go into LTM. Recency- words heard last are still in STM |
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Murdock’s Study of Serial Position |
Aim- To see if memory of words is affected by location in a list Method- Participants listened to 20 word lists ranging from 10-40 words, then recalled them. Results- Recall linked with serial position of words. Higher recall for first, (primacy effect) and last, (recency effect). Conclusion- Shows the serial position effect and supports MSM. |
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Evaluate Murdock’s Serial Position study |
Positive- controlled lab study. Can conclude that IV caused DV, serial position affected recall. Negative- Artificial task. Word lists used which only tests one type of encoding. Lacks ecological validity. Positive- backed up by other research. Some people with amnesia can’t store LTM, so shows primacy effect is linked. |
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Bartlett’s War of the Ghost Study |
Aim- To see how memory is reconstructed when recalling an unfamiliar story Method- The War of the Ghosts story was read by a participant, then recalled around 15 minutes later. Their story was passed onto the next participant and so on. Results- Participants changed the story to fit with their cultural expectations, leaving out unfamiliar details and shortening the story. Language changed to more familiar. Conclusions- We use our knowledge of social situations to reconstruct memory |
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Evaluation of Bartletts War of the Ghosts study |
Negative- Story was unfamiliar. This could mean participants didn’t understand and therefore an EV was added. Negative- Unscientific methodology. No target population, used opportunity sample. Negative- Bartlett studied recollections himself, so conclusion may have been biased. Negative- Lacks control. Participants weren’t told accurate recall was important, may have affected results. |
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Different types of LTM |
Episodic- memory of personal events Semantic- memory of meanings and factual knowledge Procedural- memory of how to do things Declarative- require conscious recall (Episodic and semantic) Non- declarative- don’t require conscious recall (Procedural) |
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Evaluation of different types of LTM theory |
Negative- over simplistic. Distinctive types of LTM are difficult to separate. Positive- backed up by brain scans showing different locations in the brain. Positive- Amnesic patients often lose episodic memory, but not all procedural memory. Eg Clive Wearing |
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Theory of reconstructive memory |
Theory- memory is rebuilt as an active process Inaccurate- not exact reproduction of experience Reconstruction- record pieces of story, recombine to create story Social and cultural influences- expectations come from the world we live in and affect our storage and retrieval Effort after meaning- we remember meanings of events and try to make sense of fragments of them after. |
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Evaluation of Reconstructive memory theory |
Positive- Realistic as it reflects what we do in real life as it uses a story not a word list or other artificial task Positive- Shows why some memories are accurate, as they haven’t been reconstructed and how others have been reconstructed and therefore changed. Real world application- highlights flaws in eyewitness testimony as not all recall is accurate.
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