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37 Cards in this Set
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Metabolism |
Chemical reaction that occurs whenever covalent bonds are broken.
The sum total of all production and destruction of covalent bonds in cell Anytime you're making and breaking covalent bonds in other words building molecules or breaking down molecules |
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Catabolic |
Reaction or pathway that produce larger molecules from smaller ones |
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Kinases |
Cells often is phosphate groups to transfer energy among molecules and as a way to make molecules active or inactive - usually by removing a phosphate group The enzyme that add phosphate groups to other molecules |
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Reduction |
Oxidation reduction reactions are most associated with energy flowing molecules this is the type of reaction defined by the fact that is adding an electron to an atom or molecule Think oil rig |
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Energy |
The measurement unit called a calorie |
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Energy metabolism |
Subset of all metabolism
Example - image civilizations like the one we live in the energy sector of the economy is one of many sectors the government sector Healthcare sector entertainment sector in construction sector or others all employed many people and do important work to keep Society working
So just like the one we live in there is one that has energy metabolism genomic comic cytoskeleton, transport and others metabolism work |
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Cells are powered |
Energy sector of the metabolism - extract energy from fuels found in food delivers power via ATP to power users - such as the genome related metabolism cytoskeleton, transport |
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Energy metabolism is a subset of all metabolism |
The energy sector of economies complex devices to extract energy from power sources
Artwork of extracting and storing energy insulation is part of energy sector of the economy
Or in other words the energy sector of metabolism uses complex catabolic Pathways to extract energy from food molecules
All of the work of extracting and storing energy in a cell is part of the energy sector of metabolism |
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ATP |
Storage location for energy Used by all cells as energy storage molecule Adenosine is a scaffold that holds onto phosphate Phosphate groups are negatively charged Energy is stored in molecules due to repulsion between the phosphate groups in ATP is high energy molecule |
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Adp |
Low energy form |
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Important kinds of reactions that happen in |
Hydrolysis and condensation Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation - adding a phosphate or taking away phosphate Oxidation reduction reactions -oil rig |
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Enzymes |
Central to metabolism End in ase Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. Enzymes are proteins Catalyzes only one reaction- but often in both directions Countless possible chemical reactions. But having the correct set of enzymes and regulating them, cells ensure that the correct reactions occur |
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Enzyme pathways |
Product of one reaction is a reactant of the next reaction. Reaction of glycolysis are an example Catabolic pathways are Pathways that release energy Anabolic pathways are pathway that require energy |
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Why metabolism is done |
A large-scale events in the body, like breathing, thinking, physical movement, your nation, Heartbeats depend on a variety of chemical reactions happening within the cell The basic work of a cell needs to do to stay alive depends on many types of chemical reactions Developmental processes like cell division and cellular differentiation depend on many types of chemical reactions Extracting energy from food depends on metabolism |
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Three basic types of work done by cell |
Powered by ATP 1. - mechanical work such as muscle contraction 2. Chemical work such as building macromolecules 3. Transport work like pumping ions in or out of our cell |
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Glucose oxidation |
Central pathway of energy metabolism Pull up breaking down if you are is to use the energy released to synthesize ATP Energy Harvest is a catabolic process The energy in food molecules is stored mainly in carbon carbon and carbon hydrogen bonds Glucose is a critical fuel source for most organisms, from bacteria to humans |
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Glycogenolysis |
glucose from glycogen storage form
Release of glucose from glycogen storage formOccurs when glucose is needed
Occurs when glucose is needed
Happen in liver and skeletal muscle tissue |
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GlycoGenesis |
Storing glucose monomers and polymers glycogen
Occurs when glucose is abundant, and allows body to store glycogen until needed Happens in liver and skeletal muscle tissue |
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Gluconeogenisis |
Normal glucose is broken down into the production of ATP. But in gluconeogenesis, glucose is made in cells, from certain amino acids, from glycerol, or from the cake. To accomplish this, some of the reactions of glucose metabolism are run in reverse Occurs mostly in liver This ensures a supply of glucose for the body allowing us to survive without constant glucose from the diet |
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Fat metabolism |
Triglycerides are another fuel source. This is why are adipose tissue store triglycerides or fats Fats contain many carbon carbon and carbon hydrogen bonds, so they are High Energy Fuels Triglycerides are first broken down into glycerol and fatty acids These components then enter into the standard energy metabolism pathway. Again the eventual goal is ATP production |
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Proteins are another potential fuel source |
However the body's own working proteins are only used for the fuels when the body has no other option. If we have any extra amino acids do to protein in the diet, those can be used for energy |
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Energy metabolism is a subset of all metabolism |
All the chemical reactions that are involved in extracting and storing energy from food are called Energy metabolism |
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ATP is a temporary storage location for all energy |
ATP is used by all cells as an energy storage molecule The structure of ATP ATP acts like a Charged form of a rechargeable battery. And its metabolism maintains a stable supply of ATP When work must be done in this cell an enzyme grabs an ATP molecule, and runs a reaction, using the energy from ATP to do the work. After energy is extracted from ATP, the molecule that remains is called ADP and ADP is analogous to a dead battery |
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Three basic types of work done by cells, and three are typically powered by ATP |
1. Mechanical work - like muscle contraction 2. Chemical work like building macromolecules 3. Transport work - like pumping ions in and out of cell |
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Three stages of glucose oxidation |
Glucose oxidation is essential pathway of energy metabolism
Glucose is a critical fuel source for most organisms from bacteria to humans Glucose oxidation occurs in three stages - plus linking step. |
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Glucose oxidation is the central pathway of energy metabolism |
The goal of breaking down if you will, like a glucose molecule, is to use the energy released to synthesize ATP Overall, energy Harvest is a catabolic process The energy in fuel molecules is stored mainly in carbon carbon and carbon hydrogen bonds |
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Glucose oxidation Step 1 |
1. Glycolysis the splitting of glucose occurs in cytoplasm A. Glucose is splitting in two pyruvate molecules B. Nad+ is used. Nadh is produced C. ADP and Pi are used. some ATP is produced |
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Glucose oxidation stage 2 Linking step occurs in mitochondria |
Pyruvate is converted into acetyl Co a Nad+ is used nadh is produced |
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Glucose oxidation stage 3 Krebs cycle is also known as citric acid cycle that occurs in mitochondria |
Nad+ is used. Nadh is produced H2O is used, CO2 is produced ADP and Pi are used. Some ATP is produced |
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Glucose oxidation stage 4 Oxidative phosphorylation that occurs in mitochondria |
Nadh is used. Nad+ is produced O2 is used. H2O is produced Large amount of ATP is produced |
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Glucose catabolism in the absence of oxygen |
If oxygen availability is low, cells lose ability to run oxidative phosphorylation This causes a shortage of nad+, which is required for all ATP production - including that in glycolysis Therefore cells would be in big trouble if oxygen levels decrease |
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Temporary solution for glucose catabolism in the absence of oxygen |
Convert pyruvate to lactate. This also convert nadh back to nad+ Nad+ can then be used to run glycolysis, to get a little ATP to keep the cell alive for a while. This is called anaerobic metabolism But this cannot continue indefinitely - anaerobic metabolism leads to acidification of the cell and the tissue, in part because of the effects of Lactaid on the buffer systems of the body |
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Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins |
Energy from food is found not just in carbohydrates, like glucose, but also in fats and proteins Energy from food can be extracted from the food immediately after a meal or stored in the body that also in the form of carbohydrates, fats, or proteins Energy metabolism therefore also includes the broader picture of usage and storage of all three of these types of fuels |
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Glycogen metabolism - glucose sources and requirements |
GlycoGenesis- storing glucose monomers into polymers glycogen. Occurs when glucose is abundant and allows body to store glycogen when needed Glycogenolysis- releasing glucose from glycogen storage form. Occurs when glucose is needed |
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Gluconeogenisis |
Glucose is made in cells, from certain amino acids, from glycerol, or from lactate |
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Fat metabolism |
Triglycerides are another fuel source. Triglycerides are first broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. These components then enter into the standard energy metabolism pathway. Again the eventual goal is ATP production |
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Protein metabolism |
Proteins are another potential fuel source However the body's own working the proteins are only used for fuels when the body has no other option. If we have extra amino acids do to protein in the diet, those can be used for storage |
