* Neuroanatomy Chapter 2

Front 1

Most common excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS?

Back 1

Glutamate

Front 2

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS?

Back 2

GABA; glutamate-aminobutyric acid

Front 3

Main transmitter at neuromuscular junctions in the PNS?

Back 3

Acetylcholine

Front 4

Glutamate receptors and main action (3)

Back 4

AMPA/kainate - Excitatory neurotransmission

NMDA - Modulation of synaptic plasticity

Metabotropic - Activation of second messenger systerms

Front 5

In regards to where white matter vs gray matter is found in: cerebral hemispheres, spinal cord, brainstem

Back 5

Cerebral hemispheres - Gray on outside, white on inside
Spinal cord - Opposite is true
Brain stem- More mixed but most of outside surface is white matter

Front 6

What is white matter vs gray matter?

Back 6

White matter is mainly myelinated axons while gray matter is mostly cell bodies

Front 7

Dorsal nerve roots

Back 7

Mostly afferent sensory information into dorsal spinal cord

Front 8

Ventral nerve roots

Back 8

Mainly efferent motor signals from ventral spinal cord

Front 9

Where is the spinal cord thicker? Why?

Back 9

Brachial plexus and lumbosacral plexus because movement of arms and legs requires more signal flow. These areas have increased gray matter

Front 10

Sympathetic division arises from?
Parasympathetic?

Back 10

Sympathetic T1-L3
Parasympathetic S2-S4 and cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X

Front 11

The frontal lobes extend back to______ which separates it from the ______ lobe?

Back 11

The central sulcus of Ronaldo which separates it from the parietal lobe

Front 12

Frontal lobes are separated inferiorly and laterally from temporal lobes by?

Back 12

Sylvian (or lateral) fissure

Front 13

The primary motor cortex is where?

Back 13

In the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe (controls opposite side of body)

Front 14

The primary somatosensory cortex is where?

Back 14

In the postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe (gets information from opposite side of body)

Front 15

Corticospinal tract begins where? Crosses where?

Back 15

Begins in primary motor cortex and crosses over at the pyramidal decussation between the medulla and spinal cord

Front 16

Where do upper motor neurons synapse?

Back 16

Lower motor neurons which are located in the anterior horns of the central gray matter

Front 17

Lesions in the basal ganglia cause?

Back 17

Hypo and hyperkinetic movement disorders
(Parkinson's and Huntington's respectively)

Front 18

Output of the motor system is refined in mulitple feedback systems, the 2 most important are located where?
Where do these project to? How?

Back 18

Cerebellum and basal ganglia, project back to the motor cortex via the thalmus

Front 19

What do posterior column pathways convey? Where does the pathway cross?

Back 19

Proprioception, vibration, and fine touch. Crosses (and synapses) in medulla.

Front 20

What do anterolateral pathways convey?
Where does the pathway cross?

Back 20

Temperature, pain, and crude touch (Crude T-Pain). Crosses (and synapses) in spine.

Front 21

Where are the primary sensory neuron cell bodies located?

Back 21

Outside of the CNS in the dorsal root ganglia

Front 22

The posterior column and anterolateral pathways synapse where before going to the primary somatosensory cortex?

Back 22

Thalmus

Front 23

What sensory inputs are the exception and do not pass through the thalmus?

Back 23

Olfactory inputs

Front 24

Wernicke's area is located where? A lesion here would cause?

Back 24

Dominant (usually left) hemisphere. Lesion here would cause deficits in language comprehension (receptive or sensory aphasia)

Front 25

Broca's area is located where? A lesion here would cause?

Back 25

Located in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere. Lesion here causes deficits in production of language (expressive or motor aphasia)
"Broca's broken boca"

Front 26

Gerstmann's syndrome

Back 26

Lesion in inferior parietal lobule in left hemisphere. Difficulty with calculations, right-left confusion, finger agnosia, difficulties with written language

Front 27

Apraxia

Back 27

Difficulty in motor conceptualization, planning and execution. From diffuse lesions of the cortex or sometimes more focal lesions affecting the frontal or left parietal lobe

Front 28

Lesions in the nondominant hemisphere of the parietal lobe cause?

Back 28

Distortion of perceived space and neglect of the contralateral side

Front 29

Primitive reflexes that are normal only in infants may arise in an adult with what?

Back 29

Frontal lobe lesion

Front 30

What forms the anterior blood supply to the brain? Posterior supple?

Back 30

Internal carotid arteries form the anterior blood supply and the vertebral arteries which join to form the basilar artery supply the posterior brain

Front 31

Venous drainage of the brain is provided almost entirely by?

Back 31

Internal jugular veins

Front 32

Myelin forming glial cells in the CNS? In the PNS?

Back 32

In the CNS they are oligodendrocytes
In the PNS they are Schwann cells

Front 33

The primary auditory cortex is composed of what and located where?

Back 33

Composed of the transverse gyri of Heschl which are located in the inside the Sylvian fissure of the superior surface of each temporal lobe

Front 34

The primary visual cortex is where?

Back 34

In the occipital lobes along the banks of a deep sulcus called the calcarine fissure

Front 35

The right primary visual cortex is in charge of seeing what?

Back 35

The left visual fields of both eyes

Front 36

What are the cell layers of the neocortex?

Back 36

I Molecular
II Small pyramidal
III Medium pyramidal
IV Granular
V large pyramidal
VI polymorphic

Front 37

Which layer receives inputs from thalmus?

Back 37

IV Granular layer

Front 38

Which layer sends outputs to subcortical structures (other than the thalmus)?

Back 38

V Large pyramidal layer

Front 39

Which layer sends outputs to thalmus?

Back 39

VI polymorphic layer

Front 40

Which layers are the neurons in that project mainly to other sites of the cortex?

Back 40

II & III small and medium pyramidal layers

Front 41

Location and function of limbic system?

Back 41

Located near the medial edge of the cerebral cortex.
Regulates emotions, memory, appetitive drives and autonomic and neuroendocrine control

Front 42

Lesion in the limbic system?

Back 42

Difficulty forming new memories

Front 43

Lesion in frontal lobe?

Back 43

Frontal release signs (primitive reflexes), perseverate (repeat same action over and over), personality changes, abulic (stare passively, slow to respond to commands), MAGNETIC GAIT, urinary incontinence

Front 44

Lesion in visual cortex?

Back 44

Prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces), palinopsia (reappearance of object viewed earlier), achromatopsia (inability to recognize colors)