Nervous Tissue

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Main component of Nerve tissue

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Neuron or nerve cell

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Components of nervous tissue

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Brain, spinal cord, nerves

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Parts of neuron

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Dendrites, axon, cell body

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Part of the neuron that holds the nucleus, golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria

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Cell body

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It is a tube-like that transmits or sends signals from the cell body to the axon terminal

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Axons

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It is a branch like structure that receives signals or messages from other neurons

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Dendrites

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Types of neurons according to function

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Sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron

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Types of neurons according to number of process

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Unipolar, Bipolar, Multipolar

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It is the most common type of neuron found in the brain and spinal cord

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Interneurons

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It detects the changes in the environment or stimuli; found all over the body

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Receptor cells

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This allows the brain and spinal cord to send messages or communicate with other parts of the body

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Motor neurons

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It sends messages to the brain triggered by the physical and chemical inputs from the environment

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Sensory neurons

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This passes sensory signals from sensory neurons and other interneurons to motor neurons and other interneurons

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Interneurons

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This type of neuron has a single axon and many dendrites which allows integration of a great deal of information from other neurons

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Multipolar neuron

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It is a specialized sensory neuron for the transmission of sense; it has two extensions, one acting as an axon and the other one as dendrites

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Bipolar neuron

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Has only one process called neurite, acting as axon and dendrite at the same time

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Unipolar

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Where are unipolar neurons found

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Central nervous system of invertebrates including insects

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It is a specialized connection or junction that allows cells to transmit information from one another; between the terminal of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron

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Synapse

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Two cells in nervous tissue

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Nerve cell or neuron and glial cell

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Nerve cell function

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Transmit nerve impulse and provide nutrients to neurons

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Types of neuroglia

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Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, satellite cells, Schwann cells

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cluster of neuroncell bodies in the peripheralnervous system (outsidebrain and spinal cord

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ganglion

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location of neurons

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brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, cranial nerves, ganglia

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operates like the insulated coating

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myelin sheath

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like macrophages in the blood, they surround and digest damaged or invading cells; they are considered the immune cells of the CNS.

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microglia

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wrap themselves around the axons of neurons in the PNS; forms a protective layer called the myelin sheath

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Schwann cells

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wrap around the axons of CNS neurons to provide electrical insulation called myelin sheaths; allows the signal to move quickly enough for proper functioning; in many neurodegenerative diseases, the myelin sheaths are damaged.

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oligodendrocytes

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Astro is the Greek root word for “star.”, have many cell extensions called processes, used for chemical exchanges, that branch out like the points of stars

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astrocytes

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a protective membrane surrounding spine and brain; allows small molecules such as respiratory gases to pass through, while blocking anything larger

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blood brain barrier

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allows the signal to move quickly enough for proper functioning

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oligodendrocytes

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line the empty cavities called ventricles in the brain and have access to nearby blood vessels; filter some of the materials out of the vessels

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ependymal cells

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provide nutrients and protection to neurons in the PNS; wraps itself around the neuron’s cell body; cell body is a rounded section that contains the nucleus and other key organelles common to most somatic cells.

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satellite cells

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these are chemical messengers in the body. Their job is to transmit signals from nerve cells to target cells

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neurotransmitters

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speed of transmission of nerve impulse

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0.1 - 100 m/s

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factors that influences the transmission of nerve impulse rate

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temperature, diameter of axon, presence or absence of myelin insulating cover

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an element that triggers/initiates the release of neurotransmitter from the axon terminal to the next neuron

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calcium

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A signal driven by either electrical, chemical or mechanical stimulus onward the segment of an axon filament; It generates a change in potential gradient of voltage-gated channels across the membrane, resulted from ionic movement in and out of the axolemma.

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nerve impulse

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it relay messages by traveling between cells and attaching to specific receptors on target cells

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neurotransmitter

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it is the small gap between the presynaptic neuron terminal and the postsynaptic neuron terminal

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synaptic cleft

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different types of neurotransmitter according to action

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excitatory neurotransmitter, inhibitory neurotransmitter, modulatory neurotransmitter

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decrease the chances of the target cell taking action

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inhibitory neurotransmitters

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can send messages to many neurons at the same time. They also communicate with other neurotransmitters.

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modulatory neurotransmitters

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encourage a target cell to take action

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excitatory neurotransmitters