Memory

Front 1

Multi Store model of memory, Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968

Back 1

Modality specific stores-sensory stores to short term of limited capacity and then long term of essentially unlimited capacity

Front 2

Sperling (1960)

Back 2

Ps could report 4/5 letters from grid, but were also able to report a specific line when asked➡️suggests that info in iconic store decays in less than a second

Front 3

Treisman 1964

Back 3

Presented ps with an auditory message in one ear and asked them to repeat the message back while ignoring competing input to the second ear. If the second message was identical to the first but started at a different time-Ps only noticed this if they started within 2 seconds of each other: the persistence of unattended information is around 2 seconds, otherwise info decays.

Front 4

Miller 1956

Back 4

Used digit strings and found that STM is 7 plus or minus 2 digits, also held for other stimuli like words and letters (7 integrated units of info)

Front 5

Clive Wearing

Back 5

Clive Wearing suffers from anterograde amnesia (meaning he can’t create new memories) but has some long term memory intact, e.g he can play the piano perfectly. Suggests that there are indeed 2 stores.

Front 6

Serial Position Curve

Back 6

Recency effect=increased ability to recall the last few words of a word list (short term memory)
Primacy effect=increased ability to recall the first few words (long term memory).
The last item is recalled about 97% of the time➡️if ps have more time on each word items earlier in the list get recalled more (long term memory improves), no effect on STM

Front 7

Glanzer and Cunitz 1960

Back 7

Showed that the recency effect could be eliminated if ps counted backwards in 3s prior to recall, supporting the link to STM (no time to rehearse)

Front 8

Patient HM

Back 8

Suffered medial frontal damage and had impaired long term memory but normal digit span

Front 9

Patient KF

Back 9

(Double dissociation with HM) parietal-occipital damage➡️intact long term memory but poor digit span. Primacy effect was preserved but there was no recency effect.

Front 10

Baddeley and Hitch 1974

Back 10

Using dual task methodology, found that auditory rehearsal of digits did not affect the number of errors made in a concurrent grammatical reasoning task=there is a distinction between an auditory verbal short term store and a central processing system

Front 11

Morris et al. 1985

Back 11

Football fans could use their prior knowledge of football (lTM) to aid with short term memory tasks➡️memory processes are interactive, not sequential

Front 12

Other criticisms of the Multi store model

Back 12

KF provides evidence against the idea that info must pass through STM to reach LTM.
KF also had worse STM for auditory than for visual stimuli=there are separate short term stores
Different types of LTM: episodic, implicit and autobiographical➡️model is reductionist

Front 13

Working Memory Model Baddeley and Hitch 1974

Back 13

A limited capacity system allowing the temporary storage and manipulation of information for tasks such as comprehension, learning and reasoning

Front 14

Episodic Buffer

Back 14

Added by Baddeley in 2000➡️a limited capacity system that provides temporary storage of info held in a multimodal code...capable of binding info from the subsidiary systems, and from LTM, into a unitary episodic representation.

Front 15

Flaws before the Episodic Buffer

Back 15

such as how articulatory suppression reduces memory span from 7 to 5 but does not eliminate it completely, patients with short term phonological deficits are able to recall about 4 digits when they are aided with visual info➡️suggests role of integration, 16+ words can be recalled if a sentence is meaningful (role of LTM)

Front 16

Phonological Loop

Back 16

Codes acoustic information-initially it was proposed that this subsystem had two main features:a store for speech like memory traces which are very quick to fade, and the amount of time info can be stored can be extended via rehearsal

Front 17

Phonological Similarity Effect

Back 17

We are less accurate at recalling phonologically similar words than we are at recalling phonologically dissimilar words. When list length is increased and several periods of learning are allowed➡️ps must rely on their long term memory instead of their working memory and this effect is therefore reversed (meaning becomes the most important factor) provides support for the neural separation of LTM and WM (WM relies on the speech based representation of a word, whilst LTM relies upon the semantic meaning of a word)

Front 18

Word Length Effect Baddeley et al. 2010

Back 18

Immediate recall declines as the length of the words to be remembered increases. Baddeley made Ps use articulatory suppression to demonstrate that this effect is reliant upon the phonological loop-ps had to utter irrelevant sounds which therefore halted rehearsal and abolished the word length effect. It has been suggested that the phonological loop is more a part of a language processing system than as it's own acoustic store

Front 19

Visuo-Spatial sketchpad

Back 19

Used for the temporary storage and manipulation of spatial and visual information ➡️ important for navigation and in displaying long term info in a visual form. Found separateness through dual-task experiments-acoustic and visual stimuli presented concurrently with no negative effect on task performance on either

Front 20

Smith et al. 1996

Back 20

Using PET found a dissociation between the systems➡️PET showed activation in left hemisphere sites in inferolateral frontal cortex for a verbal spatial working memory task, but activation in primarily right hemisphere regions for a spatial working memory task

Front 21

Logie 1995

Back 21

Postulated that the Visuo-spatial sketchpad has two components➡️ the visual cache (stores info passively and allows rehearsal) and the inner scribe (processes spatial info and permits the active rehearsal of info in the visual cache)
✅supported by LH who performed better on spatial imagery tasks than on visual imagery tasks.

Front 22

Central Executive

Back 22

A cognitive system that coordinates processes in working memory, not modality specific but instead this element of working memory serves to control and command the subsystems

Front 23

Smith and Jonides 1999

Back 23

4 functions of the central exec: attention and inhibition, planning, monitoring and coding representations in working memory for the place and time of their appearance➡️supported by evidence from neurologically damaged patients who show selective impairment of these processes

Front 24

Dysexecutive syndrome

Back 24

When damage to the frontal lobes of the brain (esp the dorsolateral regions) causes dysfunction in central exec tasks