Lab 1: Fungi And Lichens

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endosymbiosis

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organelles originated when a single-called organism engulfed another single called organism

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algae

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-eukaryotic; aquatic; photo-autotrophs; unicellular and multicellular forms

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fungi

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eukaryotic; acquire food via absorption; heterotrophic; cell walls composed of chitin; are now a monophyletic group

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Structure of Fungi

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-cell walls are composed of chitin
-thallus composed of hyphae
-mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, composed of branched hyphae

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Two types of hyphae

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-septate
-coenocytic

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septate

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The hyphae are divided into cells by cross-walls called septa

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coenocytic

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The hyphae are not divided by septa, but consist of continuous cytoplasm with hundreds of nuclei

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How does fungi reproduce?

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The nuclei in the hyphae of the mycelium are haploid. Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually

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Fungal divisions

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zygomycota
Ascomycota
basidiomycota

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zygomycota

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-mycelium is coenocytic (acetate)
-many disperse aerial spores (asexual reproduction)
-forms zygosporangia when food is in short supply (sexually reproduction)
-e.g. molds

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Division zygomycota: If hyphae from 2 different "mating strains" come into contact...

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Sexual reproduction will also take place

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ascomycota

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-sac fungi
-produce spores in saclike asci
-includes true yeasts; ascomycetes that produce ascocarps (e.g. morels, truffles)

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Division ascomycota

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Unlike most ascomycetes, yeast do not form multicellular mycelia, instead they are unicellular

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basidiomycota

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-club fungi
-includes mushrooms (basidiomycetes), smuts and rusts
-spores produced in fruiting bodies called basidia

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Division basidiomycota

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-as in rhizopus, basidiomycetes have different mating strains. What the hypage of 2 difference haploid mating strains meet, the cells fuse called plasmogamy
-the nuclei do not fuse, so the cells of the mycelium that grows after plasmogamy are dikaryotic (they contain paired haploid nuclei)

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basidiocarp

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-this dikaryotic mycelium eventually grows above-ground, and forms a mushroom-shaped structure.

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gills

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On the undersurface of the mushroom cap are a number of _____ visible to the naked eye

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Cross section of a mushroom cap

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basidiospores

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Are formed by the haploid nuclei of the dikaryotic cells lining the gills fuse, forming diploid nuclei. These then undergo meiosis which formed 4 haploid basidiospores

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basidiospores which can be seen in stained preparation

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To complete the life cycle, the haploid basidiospores are shed, and germinate into haploid hyphae. The hyphae grow and again form an underground mycelium

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Lichens

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-composite organisms
-symbiotic association between an algae and a fungus
-fungus derives sustenance from algae
-alga is ostensibly housed by fungus

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Cross section of lichen

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foliose

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"leafy"; most common group of lichen; circular growth & attached at many points

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crustose

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"crusty"; flat unlobed edges; closely attached; hard to remove without damage lichen or substrate

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fruticose

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"shrubby"; common at higher altitudes; often pendulous and attached at a single point; free standing; branching

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prepared slide of lichen

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agaricus bisporus

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mushroom sample