Fcs 323 Ch. 5

Front 1

Primary circular reaction

Back 1

simple repetitive actions organized around the infant's own body

Front 2

Secondary circular reaction

Back 2

baby repeatedly exhibits behavior to produce a desired outcome

Front 3

Means-end behavior

Back 3

purposeful behavior to achieve a goal

Front 4

Tertiary circular reaction

Back 4

experiment with different behaviors to ascertain the outcomes

Front 5

Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

Back 5

1-Basic reflexes, birth-1
2-Primary circular reactions, 1-4 months
3-Secondary circular reactions, 4-8
4-Coordination of
Secondary Schemes, 8-12
5-Tertiary Circular reactions, 12-18
6-Transition to Symbolic Thought, 18-24

Front 6

Object Permanence

Back 6

the realization that objects still exist when hidden from sight,
2months-surprise when object disappears,
6-8months-lokking for missing object
8-12months-reaching for or searching for a missing object

Front 7

Imitation

Back 7

2months-can imitate actions they could see themselves make
8-12months-can imitate other people's facial expressions
18months-deferred imitation begins (imitation of some action at a later time)

Front 8

Challenges to Piaget's View

Back 8

-underestimated cognitive
capacity of infants,
-wrongly equated infant's lack
of physical ability with lack of
cognitive understanding,
-studies suggest object permanence occurs earlier than he thought

Front 9

Baillargeon: a modern study of object permanence

Back 9

babies as young as 4 months show clear signs of object permanence

Front 10

Spelke's Alternative Approach

Back 10

babies have inborn assumptions about objects and their environment,

Front 11

Spelke's Violation of Expectation method

Back 11

researchers move an object the opposite way from that which the infant comes to expect

Front 12

Learning

Back 12

permanent changes in behavior that result from experience

Front 13

Classical conditioning

Back 13

learning of emotional responses as early as the first week of life,
stimulus response connection

Front 14

Operant conditioning

Back 14

both sucking responses and head turning have been increased using reinforcement

Front 15

Schematic Learning

Back 15

the organization of experiences
into expectancies or known
combinations-schemas,
by 7months babies use categories to process info.

Front 16

Memory

Back 16

young infants are more cognitively sophisticated than thought,
3months-can remember objects for a week

Front 17

B.F. Skinner:the Behaviorist View

Back 17

language begins with babbling,
parents respond to grammatical use of words positively,
they don't reinforce nongrammatical words,
correct grammar reinforced becomes more frequent

Front 18

Noam Chomsky:the Nativist View

Back 18

children make rule-governed grammatical errors,
LAD

Front 19

Language Acquisition Device

Back 19

an innate language precessor which contains the basic grammatical structure of all human language

Front 20

The Interactionist View

Back 20

-infants extract general principles of lang.,
-lang. is used to express meanings that are already formulated,
-new words are learned when they help communicate thoughts or ideas

Front 21

Infant Indirect Speech

Back 21

speech in a higher pitch,
adults repeat more often,minor variations, elongated sentences, baies prefer this speech

Front 22

Early Milestones of Language

Back 22

Birth-1month-crying,
1-2months-laughing/cooing,
6-7months-babbling, repetitive vowel-consonant combos,
9-10months-hand gesture-vocalization combos

Front 23

Word Recognition/Receptive Language

Back 23

8months-stores words in memory
9-10months-understands 20-30 words,
13months-a 100 words

Front 24

Expressive Language

Back 24

12-13months-say first words
words learned slowly in context with specific situations and cues

Front 25

Holophrases

Back 25

combining a single word with gestures to make a complete thought,
used between 12-18 months

Front 26

Naming Explosion

Back 26

used between 16-24 months,
vocab grows in spurts,
they are learning the names of objects,

Front 27

Sentences

Back 27

18-24 months,
100-200 words,
short 2-3 words per sentence,
telegraphic speech

Front 28

Differences in langauge style

Back 28

Expressive-early vocab linked to social relationships rather than objects,
Referential-early vocab made up of names/pronouns, advanced in understanding adult lang.

Front 29

Bailey Scales of Infant Development

Back 29

measure sensory and motor skills,
help identify children with serious developmental delays

Front 30

Measuring Intelligence

Back 30

Early Habituation leads to higher intelligence