Core 1: Water

Front 1

Minerals are dissolved from soil or rocks and carried along in the flow.

Back 1

Solution

Front 2

Tiny particles are carried long distances in the flowing water.

Back 2

Suspension

Front 3

The sediment bounces and skips along.

Back 3

Saltation

Front 4

The bed load rolls along in contact with the river bed.

Back 4

Traction

Front 5

Water crashes into gaps in the soil and rock, compressing the air and forcing particles apart.

Back 5

Hydraulic action

Front 6

The flowing water picks up rocks against the river banks.

Back 6

Corrasion or Abrasion

Front 7

Rocks carried by the river smash against one another, so they wear down into smaller and more rounded particles.

Back 7

Attrition

Front 8

Minerals such as calcium carbonate are dissolved in the river water.

Back 8

Solution or Corrosion

Front 9

The rocks of the river bed may show evidence of abrasion in the form of smoothly cut p_________.

Back 9

Potholes

Front 10

Water flows fastest on the outside bend of each meander. This causes erosion of the banks rather than the bed, a process known as L______ e_______.

Back 10

Lateral erosion

Front 11

Meandering rivers such as the River Severn tend to flow across a wide f________.

Back 11

Floodplain

Front 12

Below the Gullfoss waterfall is a narrow valley with almost vertical sides. This feature is known as a
g _____.

Back 12

Gorge

Front 13

During the ice age, ice sheets expanded over large parts of Central Iceland and valley glaciers flowed from these ice sheets towards the sea. The glaciers carved deep U-______ v______s into the landscape

Back 13

U-shaped valleys

Front 14

On hitting the ground, surface water will either flow over the surface as o________ f____ or it will infiltrate into the soil store.

Back 14

Overland flow

Front 15

Once in the soil, water moves slowly downhill as t__________.

Back 15

Throughflow

Front 16

Eventually soil water p_________ deeper into the ground and enters the b_______ where it continues to travel as g__________ f____.

Back 16

Percolates
Bedrock
Groundwater flow

Front 17

The time between the peak rainfall and the p____ d________ is known as the l___ t____.

Back 17

Peak discharge
Lag time

Front 18

The River Valency in Cornwall has a rather steep gradient. The rocks of the drainage basin are mainly slates, which are i_________.

Back 18

Impermeable

Front 19

A specific feature of a flood defence scheme involves making a river channel wider and deeper so that it can carry more water. What is this type of river management known as?

Back 19

Hard engineering

Front 20

S____ e________ defences use knowledge of the river basin and it's processes to try and work with nature.

Back 20

Soft engineering

Front 21

In addition to building flood defences the Environment Agency believe that flood risk can be reduced by improved w_______ f________.

Back 21

Weather forecasting