Chapter 4, 5, 6

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.

Front 2

Conditioning

Back 2

The process of learning association's between environmental events and behavioral responses.

Front 3

Classical conditioning

Back 3

The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral

Front 4

Unconditioned stimuli

Back 4

The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning.

Front 5

Unconditional response UCR

Back 5

The unlearned reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 6

Conditioned stimulus CS

Back 6

A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response.

Front 7

Conditioned response CR

Back 7

The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus.

Front 8

Stimulus generalization

Back 8

The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well

Front 9

Stimulus discrimination

Back 9

The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli.

Front 10

Higher order conditioning

Back 10

A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditionimg trial, the second conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Hint 10

Something that is learned.

Front 11

Extinction (in classical conditioning)

Back 11

The gradual weakening and apparently disappearance of conditioned behavior. In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimuli is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Front 12

Spontaneous recovery

Back 12

The reappearance of a previous extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Front 13

Behaviorism

Back 13

School of psychology and theoretical view points that emphasize the scientific study of observable behavior, especially as they pertains to the process of learning.

Hint 13

All human behavior is a result of conditioning and learning. Born a blank slate.

Front 14

Taste aversion

Back 14

The classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes I'll after eating the food.

Front 15

Operant conditioning

Back 15

The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response.

Hint 15

What is in for me?

Front 16

Reinforcement

Back 16

The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated.

Hint 16

Increase future behavior

Front 17

Punishment

Back 17

The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

Hint 17

Most effective if follows operations. Decrease likelihood.

Front 18

Cognitive map

Back 18

Tolman's term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment

Front 19

Latent learning

Back 19

Tolman's term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available.

Front 20

Learned helplessness

Back 20

A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produce passive behavior.

Front 21

4 cognitive process interact to determine whether imitating will occur

Back 21

Attention, remember, reproducing, and motivation.

Front 22

Memory

Back 22

The mental process that enable you to retain and retrieve info. over time.

Front 23

Encoding

Back 23

The process of transforming info. into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.

Front 24

Storage

Back 24

The process of retaining info. in memory so that it can be used at a later time.

Front 25

Retrieval

Back 25

The process of recovering info. stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it.

Front 26

Stages of model of memory

Back 26

Sensory, short-term, long-term

Front 27

Sensory memory

Back 27

The stage of memory that registers info. from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time.

Front 28

Short term memory

Back 28

The active stage of memory in which info. is stored for up to 20 seconds

Hint 28

Working memory

Front 29

Long term memory

Back 29

The stage of memory that represents the long term storage of info.

Front 30

Maintenance rehearsal

Back 30

The mental or verbal repetition of info. in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20 second duration of short term memory.

Front 31

Working memory

Back 31

The temporary storage and active conscious manipulation of info. needed for complex cognitive task such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.

Front 32

Procedural memory

Back 32

Category of long tem memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions.

Front 33

Episodic memory

Back 33

Category of long term memory that includes memories of particular events.

Hint 33

Events in life

Front 34

Semantic memory

Back 34

Category of long term memory that includes memories of general knowledge, concepts, facts, and names.

Hint 34

Personal encyclopedia

Front 35

Retrieval

Back 35

The process of accessing stored info.

Front 36

Decay theory

Back 36

The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic process that occurs in the brain over time.

Front 37

Consciousness

Back 37

Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensation, and the external environment

Front 38

Circadian rhythm

Back 38

A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long, the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological process.

Hint 38

The natural ebb & flow

Front 39

REM sleep

Back 39

Type of sleep during which rapid eye movement and dreaming usually occurs and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed, also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep.

Front 40

NREM sleep

Back 40

Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movement are absent, divided into four stages, also called quiet sleep.

Front 41

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Back 41

Vivid sensory phenomena that occurs during the onset of sleep.

Hint 41

Feeling of falling

Front 42

Dream

Back 42

An unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep and is experienced as series of real life events.

Front 43

Sleep disorders

Back 43

Serious and consistent sleep disturbances that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress.

Front 44

Dyssomnia

Back 44

A category of sleep disorder involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep, includes insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy.

Hint 44

Cannot sleep

Front 45

Parasomnia

Back 45

A sleep disorder characteristics by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions, includes sleep walking, sleep terrors, sleep sex, sleep related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder.

Front 46

Hypnosis

Back 46

A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, behavior.

Front 47

Meditation

Back 47

Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness.

Front 48

Interference theory

Back 48

The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another.

Front 49

Retroactive interference

Back 49

Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory, backward acting memory interference.

Front 50

Proactive interference

Back 50

Forgetting in which An old memory interferes with remembering an new memory forward acting memory Interference.

Front 51

Suppression

Back 51

Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously, a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific Info.

Front 52

Repression

Back 52

Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously, a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness.

Front 53

Misinformation effect

Back 53

A memory distortion phenomenon in which a persons exciting memories can be altered if the person is exposed to mislead info.

Front 54

Source confusion

Back 54

A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of memory is forgotten.

Front 55

False memory

Back 55

A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occurred.

Front 56

Schema

Back 56

An organized cluster of info about a particular topic.

Front 57

Script

Back 57

A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event.

Front 58

Dementia

Back 58

Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occurring as the result or a disease or condition.