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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic: Alternative name; Nerves Involved; Location of pre/post-ganglionic fiber synapse |
Sympathetic: Thoracolumbar region Nerves T1-L2 Preganglionic fibers synapse with post ganglionic fibers in 2 chains/trunks near the spinal cord Parasympathetic: Craniosacral region S2-S4 Pre-postganglionic fibers synapse in intramural (within wall) ganglia |
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Three pathways of motor impulse movement through the sympathetic division of the ANS |
1. Synapse at the same level (same trunk ganglion) 2. Synapse at a higher/lower level to another trunk ganglion. 3. Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion. Unlike the sympathetic trunk ganglia, the collateral ganglia are neither paired nor segmentally arrange. Occurs only in the abdomen or pelvis. |
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Trace the pathway of motor impulse from the spinal cord to the small intestine |
Exits through the ventral root
Emerges through the trunk ganglion without synapsing.
Travels through thoracic spanchnic nerve
Synapses at pre-vertebral ganglion.
Nerves in superior mesenteric or celiac plexus travel small intestine visceral effectors |
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Identify the 4 cranial nerves and 3 spinal nerves that carry motor impulses over the parasympathetic division of the ANS |
Cranial Nerves: Oculomotor (3), Facial (7), Glossopharyngeal (9), & Vagus (10)
Sacral spinal nerves: 3 Pelvic Spanchnic nerves |
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Describe the pathway of motor impulse movement through the parasympathetic division of the ANS over a cranial nerve. (3 steps) |
Pre-ganglionic fibers (axons) extend from the brain nearly all the way to the target organ.
Pre-ganglionic fibers synapse with post-ganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia (very close to the organ).
Post-ganglionic neurons synapse with the effector cells in the target organ |
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Acetylcholine -What it is released from? - Excitatory/Inhibitory? -Attaches to what receptors? |
-Released by pre & post-ganglionic parasympathetic axons -Receptor dependent (could be excitatory or inhibitory) -Attaches at Cholinergic receptors |
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Acetylcholine: Cholinergic receptors -2 types -Location of each -Excitatory of inhibitory for each? |
Nicotinic - (all ganglion neurons) - Located in: sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells (serve as a neuromuscular junction; Hormone-producing cells of adrenal medulla - Effect is always Excitatory Musclarinic - -Located in: effector cells of all parasympathetic and some sympathetic target organs -Excitatory in most cases; Inhibition on cardiac muscle |
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Neurotransmitter released by pre/post-ganglionic neurons: Norepinephrine -Released from what? -Attaches to which receptors? -Subdivision of receptors - Excitatory or inhibitory? |
-Released by post ganglionic sympathetic axons -Attaches to Adrenergic receptors - Either Alpha or Beta -Either Excitatory or Inhibitory depending on which subclass of receptor predominates |
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The 3 CNS stucturs that exhibit control over each division of the ANS |
Hypothalamus Medulla Spinal cord |
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CNS structures that exhibit control over each division of the ANS: Hypothalamus |
The control center Anterior directs parasympathetic Posterior directs sympathetic |
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CNS structures that exhibit control over each division of the ANS: Medulla |
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic over the heart, respirations, & vasomotor functions |
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CNS structures that exhibit control over each division of the ANS: Spinal Cord |
Controls visceral reflexes (ANS responses not involved in the brain)
T1-L1 = Sympathetic S2-S4 = Parasympathetic |
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Myopia |
Nearsightedness
Results from the eye ball being too long (Focuses before the retina)
Concave lenses |
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Hyperopia |
Farsightedness
Results from the eye ball being too short (Focuses behind the retina)
Convex Lenses |
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Glaucoma |
Disease characterized by increased pressure inside the eye ball
Tanometer measures IOP |
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Stabismus |
An abnormal alignment of the eyes
Wall eyed or Cross eyed |
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Astigmatism |
From rough/uneven lens
Light does not focus on the fovea |
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Otitis Media |
Ear infection
Acute: Bacterial/Viral infection of middle ear manifested by fluid, pus, and sometimes bleeding.
Most common after respiratory infections or sinus/E-tube is blocked due to allergies or enlarged adenoids
Tx - Rest, analgesics, atb Occasionally myringotomy (incision of ear drum) to relieve pressure & drain pus |
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Tinnitis |
Ringing in ears
Can be caused by ear wax impaction, otitis media, or side effects of drugs like antihypertensives |
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Vertigo |
Sensation of spinning/movement of one's self or environment
Peripheral = Problem with semicircular canals
Central = Abnormality with brain stem or cerebellum |
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Olfactory pathway |
Receptors Olfactory Bulb Olfactory nerve Olfactory cortex of brain |
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Gustatory Pathway |
Taste buds Cranial nerve (7, 9, or 10) Medulla Somatosensory cortex |
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Visual pathway (10) |
Cornea Aqueous humor Pupil Lens Vitreous humor Retina Optic nerve Optic tracts Thalamus Visual cortex on occipital nerve of cerebellum |
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Hormone |
Word means "to excite"
Chemical messengers secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids to regulate metabolic functions in the body |
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Target cell/organ |
Tissue cells/organs that response to a given hormone. Contain receptors embedded in their plasma membrane (which consist of a lipid bilayer). The hormone must bing with the receptor to effect a change. |
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Transcription |
Cells transfer information from a DNA base sequence to the complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule. |
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Translation |
Step in protein synthesis in which the language of nucleic acids is translated into the language of proteins. |
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Positive feedback |
The result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. The change that results, proceeds in the same direction as the initial change. |
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Negative Feedback |
Regulates the synthesis & release of most hormones. As levels of a hormone rise, it causes target organ effects, which then feedback to inhibit further hormone release. |
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Endocrine gland |
Secrete their projects directly into interstitial fluid ("puddle of fluid they sit in") surrounding the secretory cells. The product then diffuses into the capillaries and is carried away by the blood. |
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Exocrine gland |
Secrete their products into ducts that carry secretions into body cavities, the lumen of an organ, or to the body surface. |
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Compare how the nervous & endocrine systems regulate body physiology activities. |
Back (Definition) |
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Nervous system vs Endocrine system, which cells are affected? |
Nervous system - smooth, cardiac, & skeletal muscle cells, gland cells, & other neurons
Endocrine - virtually all body cells |
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6 Functions of the endocrine system |
-Regulates: activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle (conduction), & some glands
cell metabolism & energy balance via thyroid
growth/development
electrolyte, water, & nutrient balance in blood
Influences reproduction
Mobilizes body defenses against stressors (cortisol & cortisone)
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8 Endocrine glands & their location |
Pineal - In front of cerebellum Pituitary - Anterior to brain Thyroid - Neck Parathyroid - On thyroid Thymus - Superior to heart Pancreas - Anterior to L kidney Adrenal - Superior to kidneys Gonades - Ovary - b/l uterus Testes - scrotum |
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Pineal gland |
In front of cerebellum Secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythm |
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Pituitary gland |
Anterior to brain Master gland Produces hormones for other glands |
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Thyroid gland |
Neck Regulates metabolism & energy balance by releasing thyroxins;
will swell as an immune response.
Inhibits release of calcitonin to decrease an elevated Ca level |
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Parathyroid |
4 "islands" of cells embedded in the thyroid.
"not a real gland"
Releases parathyroid hormone/parathormone to convert bone Ca into blood by increasing bone's osteoclasts |
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Thymus |
Superior to heart
Secretes B cells & T cells for immune system
Only during childhood - then atrophies to fat tissue |
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Pancreas |
Anterior to L kidney
Secretes insulin & glycogen to regulate blood sugar |
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Adrenal Gland |
Superior to b/l kidneys
Secretes norepinephrine & stress hormones: cortisol & cortisone |
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Gonads: Ovaries & Testes |
Ovaries secrete estrogen & progesterone
Testes secrete testosterone |
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Steroidal Hormones |
Lipids synthesized from cholesterol
Gonadal & Adrenocortical hormones: Cortisol, Cortisone (precursor to cortisol), Estrogen, Progesterone, & Testosterone |
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Non-steriodal Hormones (AKA amino acid based) |
Include proteins, peptides, & amines
3 types: Protein hormones Peptide hormones Amine Hormones |
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Protein hormones: Composed of what? Name the 2 Protein hormones |
Composed on chains of amino acids
Insulin & Calcitonin |
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Peptide Hormones: What are they composed of? What are the 2 peptide hormones? |
Oxytocin & ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
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Amine hormones: What are they derived from? What are the 3 amine hormones? |
Derived from amino acids
Thyroxin, Norepinephrine, & Epinephrine |
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Explain the role of target cell receptors in the action of hormones |
The hormone must bind with the receptor to effect a change |
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Give the 5 possible responses of target cells to hormone binding |
1. Synthesis of a new molecule
2. Change in permeability to allow chemicals to cross
3. Stimulates transport of substances into or out of cells. "Pushes/pulls them out/in"
4. Alters rate of cell metabolism
5. Stimulates mitosis |
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Describe how steroidal hormones effect changes in target cells |
Since they are lipid soluble, they disperse through other lipids
1. Diffuse through plasma membrane of target cells (since its made of phospholipids)
2. Bind to receptor either outside or inside of nucleus
3. Hormone/receptor complex bind to specific sites on DNA activating certain genes. (So it will open up & RNA will translate message into protein)
4. Genes transcribe mRNA which is translated in cytoplasm to reproduce new proteins |
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Explain how nonsteroidal hormones effect changes in target cells |
(Water soluble; Proteins have an electrically negative charge, therefore can't pass through membrane
1. Bind to receptors on target cell's plasma membrane
2. Hormone/receptor binding sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme on the surface of a membrane.
3. The enzyme catalyzes the production of a second messenger molecule.
4. Messenger molecule promotes the response of the target cells. |
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Describe the mechanism of action of a hormone in it's target cell |
1. Stimulates plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, or both, by opening/closing ion channels
2. Stimulates synthesis of enzymes & other proteins within the cell
3. Activates or deactivates enzymes
4. Induces secretory activity
5. Stimulates mitosis |
