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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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abstract noun
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The opposite of a concrete noun. The name of something which we experience as an idea, not by seeing, touching etc. Examples: doubt; height; geography.
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active
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An active verb form is onle like breaks, told, will help (not like is broken, was told, will be helped, which are passive verb forms). The subject of an active verb is usually the person or thing that does the action, or that is responsible for what happens.
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adjective
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a word like green, hungry, impossible, which is used when we describe people, things, events etc. Adjectives are used in connection with nouns and pronouns. Examples: a green apple; She's hungry.
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adverb
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a word like tomorrow, once, badly, there, also, which is used to say, for example, when, where or how something happens. There are very many kinds of adverbs with different functions: see 22-27
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adverb particle
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a short adverb like up, out, off, often used as part of a phrasal verb (e.g. clean up, look out, tell off).
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affirmative
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an affirmative sentence is one that makes a positive statement - no a negative sentence or a question. Compare I agree (affirmative); I don't agree (negative).
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agent
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In a passive sentence, the agent is the expression that says who or what an action is done by. Example: This picture was probably painted by a child.
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article
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A, an and the are called 'articles'. A/an is called the 'indefinite article'; the is called the 'definite article'.
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aspect
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Grammarians prefer to talk about progressive and perfective aspect, rather than progressive and perfect tence, since these forms express other ideas besides time (e.g. continuity, completion). However, in this book the term tense is often used to include aspect, for the sake of simplicity.
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attributive
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Adjectives placed before nouns are in 'attributive position'. Examples: a green shirt; my noisy son. See also predicative.
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auxiliary verb
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A verb like be, have, do which is used with another verb to make tenses, passive forms etc. Examples: She was writing; Where have you put it? See also modal auxiliary verb.
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clause
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a part of a sentence which contains a subject and a verb, usually joined to the rest of a sentence by a conjunction. Example: Mary said that she was tired. (the word clause is also sometimes used for structures containing participles or infinitives with no subject or conjunction. Example: Not knowing what to do, I telephoned Robin.)
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cleft sentence
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A sentence in which special emphasis is given to one part (e.g. the subject or the object) by using a structure with it or what. Examples: It was you that caused the accident; What I need is a drink.
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collective noun
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A singular word for a group. Examples: family, team.
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comparative
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[kəm'pærətɪv]
The form of an adjective or adverb made with -er (e.g. older, faster); also the structure more + adjective/adverb, used in the same way (e.g. more useful more politely). |
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complement (1)
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a part of a sentence that gives more information about the subject (after be, seem and some other verbs), or, in some structures, about the object. Examples: You're the right person to help; She looks very kind; They elected him President.
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complement (2)
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a structure of words needed after a noun, adjective, verb or preposition to complete its meaning. Examples: the intention to travel; full of water; try phoning; down the street
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compound
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A compound noun, verb, adjective, preposition etc is one that is made of two or more parts. Examples: bus driver, get on with; one-eyed.
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concrete noun
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(the opposite of an abstract noun) the name of something which we can experience by seeing, touching etc. Examples: cloud; petrol; raspberry.
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conditional (1)
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A verb form made by using the auxiliary would (also should after I and we). Examples: I would run; She would sing; We should think.
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conditional (2)
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A clause or sentence containing if (or a word with a similar meaning), and perphaps containing a conditional verb form. Examples: If you try you'll understand; I should be surprised if she knew; What would you have done if the train had been late?
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conjunction
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A word like and, but, although, because, when, if, which can be used to join clauses together. Example: I rang because I was worried.
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consonant
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For example, the letters b,c,d,f,g and their usual sounds (see phonetic alphabet, page xxx). See also vowel.
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continuous
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the same as progressive.
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contraction
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A short form in which a subject and an auxiliary verb, or an auxiliary verb and the word not, are joined together into one word. Contractions are also made with non-auxiliary be and have. Examples: I'm; who've; John'll; can't.
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co-ordinate clause
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One of two or more main or subordinate clauses of equal 'value' that are connected. Example: Shall I come to your place or would you like to come to mine?; It's cooler today and there's a bit of a wind; she said that it was late and that she was tired. See also main clause, subordinate clause.
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copular verb
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The same as link verb
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countable noun
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a noun like car, dog, idea, which can have a plural form, and can be used with the indefinite article a/an. See also uncountable noun.
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declarative question
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A question which has the same grammatical form as a statement, Example: That's your girlfriend?
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Definite article
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The
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defining relative
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see identifying relative
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demonstrative
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This, these, that, those
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determiner
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one of a group of words that begin noun phrases. Determiners include a/an, the, my, this, each, either, several, more, both, all.
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direct object
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see object
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direct speech
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Speach reported 'directly', in the words used by the original speaker (more or less), without any changes of tense, pronouns etc. Example: She looked at me and said "This is my money". See also indirect speech.
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discourse marker
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A word or expression which shows the connection between what is being said and the wider contect. A discourse marker may, for example, connect a sentence with what comes before or after, or it may show the speaker's attitude to what he/she is saying. Examples: on the other hand; frankly; as a matter of fact.
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duration
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How long something lasts, the preposition for can be used with an expression of time to indicate duration.
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ellipsis
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leaving out words when their meaning can be understood from the context. Examples: (It's a ) Nice day, isn't it?; It was better than i expected (it would be).
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emphasis
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Giving special importance to one part of a word or sentence (for example by pronouncing it more loudly; by writing it in capital letters; by using do in an affirmative clauses; by using special word order).
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emphatic pronoun
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Reflexive pronoun (myself, yourself etc) used to emphasise a noun or pronoun. Examples: I'll tell him myself; I would't sell this to the king himself. See also reflexive pronoun.
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ending
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something added to the end of a word, e.g. -er, -ing, -ed.
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first person
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see person
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formal
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the style used when talking politely to strangers, on special occasions, in some literary writing, in business letters, etc. For example, commence is a more formal word than start.
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frequency
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Adverbs of frequency say how often something happens.Examples: often; never; daily; occasionally.
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fronting
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Moving a part of a clause to the beginning in order to give it special emphasis. Examples: Jack I like, but his wife I can't stand.
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full verb
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see main verb
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future
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A verb form made with the auxiliary shall/will + infinitive without to. Examples: I shall arrive; Will it matter?
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future perfect
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A verb form made with the shall/will + infinitive without to. Examples: I will have finished by lunchtime.
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future progressive (or future continuous)
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A verb form made with shall/will + be + ...ing. Example: I will be needing the car this evening.
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gender
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The use of different grammatical forms to show the difference between masculine, feminine and neuter, or between human and non-human. Examples; he; she; it; who; which;
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