Introduction
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disruption of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The elevation of blood glucose level is due to defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Diabetes mellitus is categorized to type 1 and 2. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) usually develops in childhood and adolescence. The patients need to rely on insulin injections lifelong for survival. Whereas Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) usually develops in adulthood and it is related to some modifiable risk factors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and unbalanced diets. A long-term hyperglycemia leads to many avoidable complications such as renal failure, visual impairment and arterial diseases. Since diabetes mellitus affects approximately 300 million people …show more content…
Content
T1DM is an insulin dependent autoimmune disease linked to a selective destruction of pancreatic β-cell, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). It is strongly associated with certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types and some islet cell-specific autoantibodies. The HLA on chromosome 6 was first shown to contribute about half of the hereditary T1DM. When the pancreatic β-cells are destructed, the insulin secretion reduces. This leads to a range of metabolic derangements. Additionally, the pancreatic α-cells are also malfunction and cause excessive secretion of glucagon. Usually in normal homeostasis, hyperglycemia would reduce the glucagon secretion. However, IDDM patients could not suppress glucagon secretion despite high blood sugar level. The inappropriately increased glucagons levels exacerbate the metabolic defects. One of the most recognizable effect of this metabolic imbalance would be diabetic ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin secretion. Besides the impaired insulin secretion, there is also a defect in the
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disruption of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The elevation of blood glucose level is due to defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Diabetes mellitus is categorized to type 1 and 2. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) usually develops in childhood and adolescence. The patients need to rely on insulin injections lifelong for survival. Whereas Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) usually develops in adulthood and it is related to some modifiable risk factors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and unbalanced diets. A long-term hyperglycemia leads to many avoidable complications such as renal failure, visual impairment and arterial diseases. Since diabetes mellitus affects approximately 300 million people …show more content…
Content
T1DM is an insulin dependent autoimmune disease linked to a selective destruction of pancreatic β-cell, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). It is strongly associated with certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types and some islet cell-specific autoantibodies. The HLA on chromosome 6 was first shown to contribute about half of the hereditary T1DM. When the pancreatic β-cells are destructed, the insulin secretion reduces. This leads to a range of metabolic derangements. Additionally, the pancreatic α-cells are also malfunction and cause excessive secretion of glucagon. Usually in normal homeostasis, hyperglycemia would reduce the glucagon secretion. However, IDDM patients could not suppress glucagon secretion despite high blood sugar level. The inappropriately increased glucagons levels exacerbate the metabolic defects. One of the most recognizable effect of this metabolic imbalance would be diabetic ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin secretion. Besides the impaired insulin secretion, there is also a defect in the