Kellen Vu
Ms. Kolich
History - Period 5
15 October 2015
Sudan
In recent years, Sudan has been tearing up the headlines with "Sudan Refugee Crisis" or "Sudan Famine" or "Sudan Struggle for Independence," but where do these issues stem from? Whom do they affect? This paper will provide an overview on the country as a whole, allowing further understanding of Sudan's history and people. Its dry, desert environment causes significant complications regarding daily life. Sudan carries centuries of history and conflict, from the Egyptians to the British colonizers. This has led to both an unstable government and a poor economy. On the other hand, these power struggles have allowed Sudanese people to expand with the diversity of many cultures. Sudan …show more content…
To the east are the Red Sea Hills and the Ethiopian Highlands, while the Nuba Mountains are in the south. The highest point, at 3,042 meters, is the mountain Deriba Caldera of the volcanic range Marrah Mountains in the west. Also in the west are the Highlands of Darfur and the Nile-Congo Watershed, also known as the Nile-Congo Divide. This, at 2,000 kilometers long, separates the drainage basins of the Nile River and the Congo River (Shaw). Sudan is home to one of the most important rivers in Africa. The Nile runs from south to north through east-central Sudan, approximately 800 kilometers through the country. Its tributaries, the Blue Nile from Ethiopia and the White Nile from South Sudan, join in Khartoum, Sudan's capital. Five of the six Nile cataracts, or rapids, are also located there. The Nile is an essential source of life in Sudan, allowing irrigated farms to grow cash crops. Another of Sudan's water forms is Lake Nubia, which is located on the Sudanese-Egyptian border. The portion in Egyptian territory is known as Lake Nasser (Shaw). …show more content…
In 1955, the Sudanese parliament officially declared Sudan's independence. However, Arabs from Khartoum refused to create a federal system, leading to mutiny by some southern army officers. Sudan soon gave up the parliament regime and reverted to authoritarianism. Over the next couple decades, four coups (seizures of the government) took place with varied success, partly because of hostility from the Umma Party and the Sudanese Communist Party. Each government system, most of which were Arab Muslim, shared an inability to agree on a constitution, factionalism, economic stagnation, or ethnic dissidence. In 1968, Sudan passed its first Islamic-oriented constitution. During the 1970s, the country fell into an economic crisis because of expenses from mechanizing agriculture. In 1972, the First Sudanese Civil War finally ended with the Addis Ababa Agreement after hundreds of thousands of deaths. Unfortunately, the Second Civil War was ignited in 1983 with the government's new Islamization policy, leading to the displacement of over 4 million southerners. In 1986, Sudan formed a coalition government, including the Umma Party, the DUP, and the National Islamic Front, but party factionalism, corruption, personal rivalries, and scandals caused severe political instability (Collins). In 2003, Southern rebels began a new movement, accusing the government of
Ms. Kolich
History - Period 5
15 October 2015
Sudan
In recent years, Sudan has been tearing up the headlines with "Sudan Refugee Crisis" or "Sudan Famine" or "Sudan Struggle for Independence," but where do these issues stem from? Whom do they affect? This paper will provide an overview on the country as a whole, allowing further understanding of Sudan's history and people. Its dry, desert environment causes significant complications regarding daily life. Sudan carries centuries of history and conflict, from the Egyptians to the British colonizers. This has led to both an unstable government and a poor economy. On the other hand, these power struggles have allowed Sudanese people to expand with the diversity of many cultures. Sudan …show more content…
To the east are the Red Sea Hills and the Ethiopian Highlands, while the Nuba Mountains are in the south. The highest point, at 3,042 meters, is the mountain Deriba Caldera of the volcanic range Marrah Mountains in the west. Also in the west are the Highlands of Darfur and the Nile-Congo Watershed, also known as the Nile-Congo Divide. This, at 2,000 kilometers long, separates the drainage basins of the Nile River and the Congo River (Shaw). Sudan is home to one of the most important rivers in Africa. The Nile runs from south to north through east-central Sudan, approximately 800 kilometers through the country. Its tributaries, the Blue Nile from Ethiopia and the White Nile from South Sudan, join in Khartoum, Sudan's capital. Five of the six Nile cataracts, or rapids, are also located there. The Nile is an essential source of life in Sudan, allowing irrigated farms to grow cash crops. Another of Sudan's water forms is Lake Nubia, which is located on the Sudanese-Egyptian border. The portion in Egyptian territory is known as Lake Nasser (Shaw). …show more content…
In 1955, the Sudanese parliament officially declared Sudan's independence. However, Arabs from Khartoum refused to create a federal system, leading to mutiny by some southern army officers. Sudan soon gave up the parliament regime and reverted to authoritarianism. Over the next couple decades, four coups (seizures of the government) took place with varied success, partly because of hostility from the Umma Party and the Sudanese Communist Party. Each government system, most of which were Arab Muslim, shared an inability to agree on a constitution, factionalism, economic stagnation, or ethnic dissidence. In 1968, Sudan passed its first Islamic-oriented constitution. During the 1970s, the country fell into an economic crisis because of expenses from mechanizing agriculture. In 1972, the First Sudanese Civil War finally ended with the Addis Ababa Agreement after hundreds of thousands of deaths. Unfortunately, the Second Civil War was ignited in 1983 with the government's new Islamization policy, leading to the displacement of over 4 million southerners. In 1986, Sudan formed a coalition government, including the Umma Party, the DUP, and the National Islamic Front, but party factionalism, corruption, personal rivalries, and scandals caused severe political instability (Collins). In 2003, Southern rebels began a new movement, accusing the government of